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| {{#def:LANG|{{#getenv:LANG}}}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Category:LBGA]] |
| {{Huge|{{Bilingual|アーキア脂質|Archaeal Lipid}}}}
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| {{Hierarchy|{{PAGENAME}}}}
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| ==Class Overview==
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| {{Twocolumn|
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| Archaeal lipid is composed of sn-glycerol 1-phosphate and ether-linked isoprenoids. This composition is different from lipid in eubacteria and eukaryotes, which comprises of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and ester-linked fatty acids. Responsible biosynthetic enzymes are also non-homologous. Archaea also contains tetraether lipids in which two isoprenes are ether-linked with two glycerols at both ends (caldarchaeol).
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| アーキア<ref>古細菌と呼ばれることが多いのですが、真性細菌と明確に区別するためにここではアーキアと記します。</ref>の脂質は、
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| sn-グリセロール1リン酸にイソプレン骨格がエーテル結合しています。
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| これは、グリセロール3リン酸と脂肪酸を利用する真性細菌や真核生物と全く異なる構造で、生合成をおこなう酵素も相同ではありません。またテトラエーテル型と呼ばれるイソプレン骨格が末端で2分子のグリセロールとエーテル結合した環状脂質（カルドアーキオール）も広く存在します。
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| }}
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| <references/>
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| ==={{Bilingual|系統|Phylogeny}}===
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| {{Twocolumn|
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| Archaea are separated into two phyla which show three different characters (Table 1).
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| アーキアはcrenarchaeotaとeuryarchaetaに分かれますが、
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| 特徴からみると三通りになります（表1）。
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| }}
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |+ Table 1. {{Bilingual|アーキアの分類|Clades in Archaea}}
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| |-
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| ! Phyrum (綱) || Order (目) || Family (科) || {{Bilingual|特徴|Character}}
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| |- style="background-color:#fdd"
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| !rowspan="3"|crenarchaeota
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| |desulfurococcales || desulfurococcaceae, pyrodictiaceae
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| |rowspan="5"|{{Bilingual|メタンを生成しない超好熱菌|Non-methanogenic<br/>(hyper) thermophils}}
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| |- style="background-color:#fdd"
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| |sulfolobales || sulfolobaceae
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| |- style="background-color:#fdd"
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| |thermoproteales || thermoproteaceae
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| |- style="background-color:#fdd"
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| !rowspan="8"|euryarchaeota
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| |thermococcales || thermococcaceae
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| |- style="background-color:#fdd"
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| |thermoplasmatales || thermoplasmataceae
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| |- style="background-color:#ddf"
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| |halobacteriales || halobacteriaceae
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| |{{Bilingual|高度好塩菌|Halophils}}
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| |-
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| |methanobacteriales || methanobacteriaceae, methanothermaceae
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| |rowspan="5"|{{Bilingual|メタン生成菌|Methanogens}}
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| |-
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| | methanococcales || methanococcaceae, methanocaldococcaceae
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| |-
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| | methanomicrobiales || methanomicrobiaceae, methanospirillaceae
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| |-
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| | methanopyrales || methanopyraceae
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| |-
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| | methanosarcinales || methanosarcinaceae, methanosaetaceae
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| |}
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| ==={{Bilingual|脂質命名法|Nomenclature}}===
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| {{Twocolumn|
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| Much of archaeal lipid were named by a Japanese research group<ref>Nishihara M, Morii H, Koga Y (1987) "Structure determination of a quartet of novel tetraether lipids from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum", Journal of Biochemistry 101:1007-1015</ref>.
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| アーキア脂質の名称の多くは日本人によって名付けられました。
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| }}
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| {|
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| |-
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| !Archaeol (= 2,3-di-O-alkyl sn-glycerol diether) [[Image:LBGAA.png]]
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| |{{Twocolumn
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| |The alkyl chain is either C20- or C25-isoprene. Archaetidic acid refers to its monophophate ether.
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| |アルキル基はC20かC25のイソプレン。Archaetidic acid はその1リン酸エステル。
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| }}
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| |-
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| !Caldarchaeol [[Image:LBGAC.png]]
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| |{{Twocolumn
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| |An tetraether where 2 glycerol molecules are connected with 2 alkanediols at sn-2 and sn-3 positions. It was first identified from a hyperthermophil, and therefore has "cald" (i.e. hot) in its name.
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| |2分子のグリセロールがsn-2, sn-3 位でアルカンジオールとエーテル結合したテトラエーテル。超高熱菌から見出されたため cald (ラテン語で「熱い」) の名前がつきます。
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| }}
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| |-
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| !Isocaldarchaeol [[Image:LBGAI.png]]
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| |{{Twocolumn
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| |A geometric isomer of caldarchaeol where the alkanediols connect sn-2 and sn-2 (or sn-3 and sn-3) positions.
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| |片方のグリセロールがCaldarchaeolと向きの違う異性体
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| }}
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| |-
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| ! Calditocaldarchaeol [[Image:LBGAD.png]]
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| |{{Twocolumn
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| |Calditol refers to a 5-carbon cyclic polyol connected to sn-1 glycerol by an ether linkage. It was first identified from ''Caldariella acidophila'' (now ''Sulfolobus solfataricus'' A.T.C.C. 49155) and was called nonitol with a wrong structure. (A brief history is in Bleriot et al., 2002).<ref>Bleriot Y, Untersteller E, Fritz B, Sinay P (2002) "Total Synthesis of calditol: Structural clarification of this typical component of archaea order Sulfolobales", Chemistry, 8(1):240-246</ref>)
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| |カルジトールは水酸基を5つ有する炭素五員環がsn-1部位でグリセロールにエーテル結合した構造。当初 ''Caldariella acidophila'' MT-4 (現 ''Sulfolobus solfataricus'' A.T.C.C. 49155) に見出された際に異なる構造が報告され nonitol と呼ばれた時期もありました。下のBleriotらの論文に経緯があります。
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| }}
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| |}
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| <references/>
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| =={{Bilingual|ID番号 (ページ名) の設計|Design of Fat acyl Page Titles}}==
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| {{Twocolumn|
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| Archaeal lipid is categorized in glycerolipid (LBG). Each ID contains information on backbone type, chemical modification of polar head, and attached sugars.
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| 古細菌の脂質はグリセロ脂質 (LBG) に含まれます。各分子のページIDは基本骨格、極性基のタイプ、糖のタイプがコード化されています。
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| }}
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| <center>
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| 10-DIGIT
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| <table border=1>
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| <tr>
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| <td style="background-color:yellowgreen;" width=15px align="center"><big>L</big>
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| <td style="background-color:yellowgreen;" width=15px align="center"><big>B</big>
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| <td style="background-color:yellowgreen;" width=15px align="center"><big>G</big>
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| <td style="background-color:darkseagreen;" width=15px align="center"><big>A</big>
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| <td style="background-color:tomato; color:white" width=15px align="center"><big>''x''</big>
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| <td style="background-color:purple; color:white" width=15px align="center"><big>''y''</big>
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| <td style="background-color:firebrick; color:white" width=15px align="center"><big>''z''</big>
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| <td style="background-color:green; color:white;" width=15px align="center"><big>''w''</big>
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| <td style="background-color:white;" width=15px align="center"><big>''c''</big>
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| <td style="background-color:white;" width=15px align="center"><big>''c''</big>
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| </tr>
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| </table>
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| </center>
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| {{Twocolumn|
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| * ''x'' ... backbone type
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| * ''y'' ... polar-head type
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| * ''z'' ... number of sugars
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| * ''w'' ... sugar type
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| * ''c'' ... serial number
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| * ''x'' ... バックボーンの構造
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| * ''y'' ... 極性基（リン酸部分）の構造
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| * ''z'' ... 糖の個数
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| * ''w'' ... 糖のタイプ
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| * ''c'' ... 通し番号
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| }}
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| ==Classification <small>分類</small>==
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| ===Backbone Structure <small>基本構造</small>===
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| <center>
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| {|
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| |valign="top"|
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| {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em"
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| ! Backbone Structure
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| |- valign="top"
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| |[[Volatile:ListMol?my_1=LBGAA|A: archaeol]] (C20,C20 type below) <br/>[[Image:LBGAA.png]]
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| |-
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| |[[Volatile:ListMol?my_1=LBGAH|H: hydroxy & methoxy archaeol]] (sn-2-hydroxy below) <br/>[[Image:LBGAH.png]]
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| |-
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| |[[Volatile:ListMol?my_1=LBGAU|U: unsaturated (alkenyl) archaeol]]<br/>[[Image:LBGAU.png]]
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| |-
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| |[[Volatile:ListMol?my_1=LBGAC|C: caldachaeol]] (tetraether type)<br/>[[Image:LBGAC.png]]
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| |-
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| |[[Volatile:ListMol?my_1=LBGAD|D: calditocaldarchaeol]]<br/>[[Image:LBGAD.png]]
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| |-
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| |[[Volatile:ListMol?my_1=LBGAY|Y: cyclic archaeol]]<br/>[[Image:LBGAY.png]]
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| |}
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| |valign="top"|
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| ;Polar-head Type : N: no structure; P: phosphate; C: phosphocholine; E: phosphoethanolamine; I: phosphoinositol; S: phosphoserine; G: phosphoglycerol; A: aminopentanetetrol; X: others
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| ;Sugar Type : G: glucose and galactose; M: including mannose; L: including gulose; S: including HSO3; X: others;
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| |}
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| !rowspan="2"| Order
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| !colspan="3"| Backbone
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| !colspan="3"| Polar-head
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| !colspan="3"| Sugar
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| |-
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| ! ArOH || CArOH || others || None || Ino || others || Glc,Gal || Gro etc || others
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| |-
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| {{#replace:
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| {{#lua:
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| function createBucket() return {{A=0,C=0},{N=0,I=0},{G=0,X=0}} end
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| desulfurococcales = createBucket()
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| sulfolobales = createBucket()
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| thermoproteales = createBucket()
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| thermococcales = createBucket()
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| thermoplasmatales = createBucket()
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| halobacteriales = createBucket()
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| methanobacteriales = createBucket()
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| methanococcales = createBucket()
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| methanomicrobiales = createBucket()
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| methanopyrales = createBucket()
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| methanosarcinales = createBucket()
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| function printRow(name, T, reg)
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| if (string.find(name, "halobacter") ~= nil)
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| then print('\n&- align="right" style="background-color:#ddf"')
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| elseif (string.find(name, "methano") == nil)
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| then print('\n&- align="right" style="background-color:#fdd"')
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| else
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| print('\n&- align="right"')
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| end
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| print("&[[Volatile:ListMolByReference&"..reg.."&"..name.."]] && ")
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| print(T[1]["A"].."\n&&"..T[1]["C"].."\n&&") T[1]["A"] = nil T[1]["C"] = nil
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| for k,v in pairs(T[1]) do print(k.."("..v..") ") end print(" && ")
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| print(T[2]["N"].."\n&&"..T[2]["I"].."\n&&") T[2]["N"] = nil T[2]["I"] = nil
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| for k,v in pairs(T[2]) do print(k.."("..v..") ") end print(" && ")
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| print(T[3]["G"].."\n&&"..T[3]["X"].."\n&&") T[3]["G"] = nil T[3]["X"] = nil
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| for k,v in pairs(T[3]) do print(k.."("..v..") ") end
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| end
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|
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| function register(T, id)
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| local s = string.sub(id,4,4)
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| if (T[1][s] == nil) then T[1][s]=1 else T[1][s]= T[1][s] + 1 end
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| s = string.sub(id,5,5)
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| if (T[2][s] == nil) then T[2][s]=1 else T[2][s]= T[2][s] + 1 end
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| s = string.sub(id,6,6)
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| if (T[3][s] == nil) then T[3][s]=1 else T[3][s]= T[3][s] + 1 end
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| end
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| for ref, sp, id in stdin:gmatch("&?&?([%w\. ]+)&&([%w\., ]+)&&([^\n]+)") do
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| if (string.match(sp,"Aeropyrum") or string.match(sp,"Desulfurococcus") or string.match(sp,"Pyrolobus"))
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| then register(desulfurococcales, id)
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| elseif (string.match(sp,"Acidianus") or string.match(sp,"Sulfolobus") or string.match(sp,"Desulfurolobus"))
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| then register(sulfolobales, id)
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| elseif (string.match(sp,"Pyrobaculum") or string.match(sp,"Thermoproteus"))
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| then register(thermoproteales, id)
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| elseif (string.match(sp,"Pyrococcus") or string.match(sp,"Thermococcus"))
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| then register(thermococcales, id)
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| elseif (string.match(sp,"Thermoplasma"))
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| then register(thermoplasmatales, id)
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| elseif (string.match(sp,"Haloarcula") or string.match(sp,"Halobacterium") or string.match(sp,"Halococcus") or string.match(sp,"Haloferax") or string.match(sp,"Halorubrum") or string.match(sp,"Natrialba") or string.match(sp,"Natronobacterium") or string.match(sp,"Natronococcus"))
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| then register(halobacteriales, id)
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| elseif (string.match(sp,"Methanobacterium") or string.match(sp,"Methanobrevibacter") or string.match(sp,"Methanosphaera") or string.match(sp,"Methanothermobacter"))
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| then register(methanobacteriales, id)
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| elseif (string.match(sp,"Methanothermococcus") or string.match(sp,"Methanococcus") or string.match(sp,"Methanocaldococcus"))
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| then register(methanococcales, id)
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| elseif (string.match(sp,"Methanomicrobium") or string.match(sp,"Methanospirillum"))
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| then register(methanomicrobiales, id)
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| elseif (string.match(sp,"Methanopyrus"))
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| then register(methanopyrales, id)
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| elseif (string.match(sp,"Methanococcoides") or string.match(sp,"Methanohalophilus") or string.match(sp,"Methanolobus") or string.match(sp,"Methanosarcina"))
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| then register(methanosarcinales, id)
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| end
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| end
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| printRow("desulfurococcales", desulfurococcales, "Aeropyrum~Desulfurococcus~Pyrolobus")
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| printRow("sulfolobales",sulfolobales, "Acidianus~Sulfolobus~Desulfurolobus")
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| printRow("thermoproteales",thermoproteales, "Pyrobaculum~Thermoproteus")
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| printRow("thermococcales",thermococcales, "Pyrococcus~Thermococcus")
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| printRow("thermoplasmatales",thermoplasmatales, "Thermoplasma")
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| printRow("halobacteriales",halobacteriales, "Haloarcula~Halobacterium~Halococcus~Haloferax~Halorubrum~Natrialba~Natronobacterium~Natronococcus")
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| printRow("methanobacteriales",methanobacteriales, "Methanobacterium~Methanobrevibacter~Methanosphaera~Methanothermobacter")
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| printRow("methanococcales",methanococcales, "Methanothermococcus~Methanococcus~Methanocaldococcus")
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| printRow("methanomicrobiales",methanomicrobiales, "Methanomicrobium~Methanospirillum")
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| printRow("methanopyrales",methanopyrales, "Methanopyrus")
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| printRow("methanosarcinales",methanosarcinales, "Methanococcoides~Methanohalophilus~Methanolobus~Methanosarcina")
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| {{#SearchLine:&&LBA|Reference}}
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| }}
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| |&|{{#bar:}}}}
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| |}
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| </center>
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