Wax

Origin
Candelilla wax is a hard lustrous wax extracted from the outer cover of the candelillaplant (Euphorbiaceae). In the wild state, the candelilla plant is limited to nerthwest Mexico and southern Texas in the United States. Reaching as high as 45C in summer and as low as -20C in winter, the seasonal temperature variation in these areas is extreme and they are very arid with little rainfall. To protect itself from such harsh conditions, the candelilla plant secretes a sap with which it covers itself. Candelilla wax is 45% hydrocabons(Hentriacontane, Tritriacontane, etc.) ,29% esters (Sitosterol, Dihydroxymiricinoleic acid, etc.) and 26% free alcohols (Myricyl alcohol, etc.),free fatty acids, lactone and resins. (Ref. 0006)
A method of manufacture
The candelilla wax plants are harvested almost all year round. The cut plants are dried in the sun and sent to a neaeby extraction plant to extract the wax .
The raw wax thus obtained is dull gray in color and is called Cerote. The cerote is then sent to a modern refining facility. (Ref. 0006)

Origin
The carnauba palm is a forest tree found in South America, particularly in northern Brazil. It grows naturally or is cultivated and reaches around 10 m in height. The leaves are fan-shaped and the wax is secreted on their surface, especially the under surface. This material consists of wax acid esters, the major component, and the other constituents listed below. (Ref. 0007)
Alkyl Esters of Wax Acids 84-85% , (Simple esters of normal acids 5-6% , Acid esters C18-C30 5-6%, Diesters, 19-21%, Esters of hydroxylated acids, 53-55%), Free Wax Acids 3-3.5%, Lactides 2-3%, Free and Combined Polyhydric and Oxy-Alcohols 2-3%, Resins (alcohol soluble) 4-6% , Hydrocarbons 1.5-3%, Moisture and Mineral Matter 0.5-1%
A method of manufactureThe leaves are harvested between October and February and dried in the sun for several days.
The wax, which forms a powder on the leaf surface, is knocked off and put into hot water. This is then filtered and the molten wax is cooled to harden. Normally, 100 leaves yield 500 g of wax.(Ref. 0007)

ORIGIN
Rice oil commercially produced from the offal in the milling of rice may be dewaxed before refining with acid and alkali- by the use of a DeLaval separator and basket centrifuge. The oil can also be dewaxed by the use of evacuated, unglazed pocelain cylinders covered with a filter cloth. A good yield is obtained at 20-25 C with suction at 50 mm Hg pressure. The crude wax containing glycerides may be separated from crude rice oil by wintering at 20-25 C, and then treated with a solvent such as 5per cent methanol in commercial n-hexane, to effect a sharp separation of soluble and insoluble parts. Without the use of solvent the wax from the tank settlings cannot be effectively separated by filtration methods. (Ref. 0009)
The principle constituents of rice wax ae esters of higher fatty acids and higher alcohols.
It also contains unsaponifiable matter, a small amount of free fatty acid and some hydrocarbons.
a) Esters: In the caseof rice bran wax, the major fatty acids forming esters are behenic acid (C22) and lignoceric acid (C24) whereas, in the case of rice wax, they are palmitic acid (C16) and stearic acid (C18). In both b) Unsaponifiable matter: Rice wax contains 40-60% unsaponifiable matter. ( Myricyl alcohol 45%, Ceryl alcohol 22%, Isoceryl alcohol 10% and unidentifiable matter 20%)
c) Free fatty acid : Rice wax contains around 4-7% of free fatty acids of which the main ones are palmitic acid, oleic acid, linolic acid and stearic acid.
A method of manufacture: Rice wax is obtained by refining the crude wax obtained from the dewaxing or wintering process during the refining of rice bran oil extracted from rice bran. Continued to Metabolism

Origin
Jojoba wax, or jojoba oil, derived from the coffee-bean-like seed of jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis( var. Californica ), or Simmondsia californica Nuttall ( Buxus chinensis Link ), of the family order Buxaceae. The jojoba, or simmondsia, is a wooden evergreen shrub, a few feet in height, which grows in abundance on rocky hillsides in Arizona, near Tucson or elsewhere, and in western Mexico. Presently in the United States and Mexico, Plantations are actively producing jojoba beans. (Ref. 0012) Jojoba oil consists chiefly of unsaturated higher fatty acid and unsaturated higheralcohol. (Carbon No. 38-44)
Main component is Dococenyl-eicosenoate (C42) and it's chemical structure is CH₃( CH₂)₇CH=CH ( CH₂)₉COO ( CH₂)₁₂CH=CH (CH₂)₇CH₃ (37%)
A method of manufacture
The seeds on pressing yield an oil which in some respects is not unlike sperm oil. The peculiar composition of jojoba oil, since it contains no glycerides, places it in a category of liquid waxes. It is composed almost entirely of high molecular weight monoethylenic acids and alcohols combined as esters. It is more convenient to operate by solvent extraction, preferably using light petroleum solvent, extracting thenuts after they have been ground. The solvent is then distilled off, and a residual oil of a slightly yellowish color is obtained. (Ref. 0012)

Origin:Japan wax is produced by bleaching the fat from the mesocarp of the fruit of the wax tree a member of the lacquer tree species ( Anacardiaceae ). It is bleached in the sun or by some other means. Although this substance chemically different from ordinary waxes because it is produced from a fat, it is still commonly referred to as Japan wax. The Japanese lacquer tree also contains Japan wax. Japan wax was first used as a raw material for ' BINTSUKE', a hair-grooming preparation peculiar to Japan and since the end of Meiji period (1868-1912), ithas been used in haircare cosmetics such as pomades and hair stick. The principal constituents are glycerides of palmitic acid which account for 76-82% of Japan wax. It also contains glycerides of stearic acid (4-6%), glycerides of japanic acid (C21),tricosanedioic acid (C23), etc. (3-6.5%), free acid as palmitic acid, oleic acid, pelargonic acid, etc. (3.7-5.6%) and arachic, ceryl and myricyl alcohol as free alcohol (1.2-1.6%). (Ref. 0013)
A method of manufacture:The wax tree grows wild in large numbers in warm areas of Japan and there are many in the Kyushu area. The fruit are collected between November and February and the wax is extracted from them and refined. The wax is usually extracted by the compression method and the sun's ray, adsorbents or chemical agents are used to decolorize and bleach it. Adsorbents are used in different ways. For example, an adsorbent such as activated charcoal or acid clay is added directly to molten crude wax andthen the adsorbent is separated by filtration ; the crude wax is dissolved in a solvent suchas benzene, an adsorbent is added and after heating and mixing and filtration,the solvent is distilled off; or theprocss is done by chromatography. The following example illustrates how the wax is produced. The fruit obtained from the wax tree are dried and broken into small pieces and steam ispassed through them. Continued to Metabolism

Origin
Beeswax is made by honey bees ( Apidae). It is secreted by glands in the abdomen of worker bees and used to make the honeycombs of the hive. This material is produced by refining wax from the honeycomb. There are many species of noney bee but the main ones are the European honey bee and the Oriental honey bee. Honey and wax are taken from them in many defferent countries. The European honey bee is widely kept in Europe, Africa, North America and many other parts of the world; it has been kept in Japan since its introduction in the Meiji Period (1868-1912 ). The Oriental honey bee is kept i n China, India and such Southeast Asian countries as Indonesia, Thailand and Myanmar. The special feature of the wax produced by them is its low acid value. In addition to the imported European honey bee, the indigenous species Apis indica var japonica radoszkowski is also kept in Japan but the amount of wax produced from it is not very large.
Beeswax was already used as a cold cream in ancient Egypt 4,000 years ago and afterwards its useexpanded as a raw material for cosmetics, medicines, abrasives and so forth. It is now one of the major raw materials used in cosmetics. Though the compositions of Oriental beeswax and European beeswax are a little different, the main components of both are esters of higher fatty acids and higher monohydric alcohols, and they also include free fatty acids, hydrocarbons and other substances.The special features of Oriental beeswax are that it contains glycerides which are not found in European beeswax, it has a large numberof lower alcohols of below C30 and there is only a small amount of free acid. Continued to Metabolism

Origin : In 1883, Liebreich and Braun succeeded in refining the substance secreted on sheep's wool, gave thisoily substance the name lanolin and took out a patent on it. Unna found out that it could be used for ointments and cosmetics, obtained a saponification product of lanolin and managed to separate lanolin alcohol from it. Lanolin is mainly a mixture of esters of higher fatty acids and higher alcohols but also contains free fatty acids, free alcohols and hydrocarbons. It thus differs chemically from the oils and fats and is classified as a wax. The fatty acid present in greatest amount is anteiso fatty acid ( CH₃CH₂CH( CH₃)(CH₂)_2nCOOH (n=2-13) which comprises around 33% of the acid fraction. Next comes isofatty acid ( ( CH₃)₂CH(CH₂)_2nCOOH (n=3-12) comprising 26% of the acid fraction.
Other fatty acids include normal fatty acid ( ( CH₃)( CH₂)_2nCOOH (n=4-12) and hydroxy fatty acid ( CH₃(CH₂)_2n-1CH ( OH) COOH ( n=6 or 7 ). The higher alcohol present in greatest amount is sterol (mostly cholesterol) comprising 35-40% of the neutral fraction and after it comes triterpenoid sterol (mostly lanosterol ) comprising 25-30% of the neutral fraction. Aliphatic monohydric alcohol is also present. (Ref. 0015) A method of manufacture : Lanolin is produced from the secretion on sheep's wool and most of it is obtained as a by-product during the processing of sheep's wool. Broadly speaking, 4main methods are used to refine the sheep's grease, the raw material of lanolin,and all of them involve recovering it from the solution used to clean the sheep; wool. Continued to Metabolism

Origin : Spermaceti is produced from the wax found in the head cavities of the sperm whale. Largest among the toothed whales or cachalots, the sperm whale can be 20 m long and its skull reaches 7 m in circumference. The wax inside the head cavities occurs as an oily liquid. Spermaceti is also present in small amounts in the subcutaneous fat of the sperm whale and the bottlenose whale( Balaena rostrata). One sperm whale yields at least 3 tons of whale oil and at least 250 kg of spermaceti. The principal constituents of spermaceti is cetyl palmitate ( C₁₅H₃₁COOC₁₆H₃₃) whose content reaches 90%. It also contains small amounts of fatty acid esters and free alcohol as indicated by the following.
(Fatty acid esters 97.5-98%, Cetyl palmitate 90-93%). There are also small amounts of myristyl myristate (1% max. ), cetyl stearate ( 1.1-1.5% ) and cholesteryl palmitate (2-3% ) as well as trace amounts of such substances as C₁₂-C₁₆ fatty acids, cholesterol, oleyl myristate, oleyl oleate, and oleyl palmitoleate. (Ref. 0016)
A method of manufacture: Because the liquid spermaceti in the cranical cavity hardens after the whale has died, it is pumped out together with the oily liquid and separaed from it by filtration or compression in order to obtain crude spermaceti. As the crude spermaceti also contains oils and fats and other impurities, it is washed with hot water, melted, filtered and washed repeatedly with a dilute sodium hydroxide or potassium carbonate solution in order to refine it. (Ref. 0016)

Origin : The catching of the deep sea teleost fish orange roughy ( Hoplostetbus atranticus), black oreo ( Allocyttus sp. ) and small spined oreo ( Pseudocyttus maculatus ) from depths of up to 1,200 m has recently been commercialized within the New Zealand 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone. The orange roughy is caught primarily for its white edible flesh, but increasing importance is being placed on the oil from this and other species. The species H. atlanticus, thought to be the same as the single example of a fish called H. gilcbristi, was found by Mori et al. to contain wax esters exclusively in the muscle lipids. Other work confirmed that the oil found in the muscle lipid of orange roughy is predominantly wax esters, with a minor amount of triacylglycerols.
The oils, or more correctly liquid waxes, are obtained as by-products from the fish and can be recovered from fish waste either at sea-or shore-based plants. The lipid fraction of the deep water fish species orange roughy ( Hoplostetbus atlanticus ), black oreo ( Allocyttus sp. ) and small spined oreo ( Pseudocyttus maculatus) had wax esters with even carbon numbers over the range C30 to C46 as the major components.
Gas chromatographic composition of the wax ester fraction of the total lipid of orange roughy ( H. atlanticus ), black oreo ( Allocyttus sp. ), small spined oreo ( P. maculatus ). (Ref. 0018)
[Table 0001]

Origin : The name ceresin is formed from two latin words : cere which meaning ""beeswax ""and sin meaning ""without"". The name thus signifies that it is a waxy substance that is unlike beeswax.Ceresin is produced from ozocerite. The first ceresin which had commercial value was made by Pilt and Ujhelji in 1870 by first treating ozocerite with sulfuric acid and then refining it using activated charcoal. In addition to the substance made by refining ozocerite, ceresin sometimes refers to a mixture of paraffin and ozocerite and in Pharmacopoea Helvetica, ceresin is called paraffin.The major constituents of ceresin are isoparaffins corresponding to C_nH_2n and some of them correspond to C_nH_2n+2, e.g. Narcosan (C₂₉H₆₀), Cerosan (C₃₀H₆₂), Hentriacontan (C₃₇H₆₄ ), Dotriacontan (C₃₂H₆₆), Pentaacontan (C₃₅H₇₂), etc. (Ref. 0019)
A method of manufacture: Some of the major production areas for ozocerite are Galicia in southern Poland, around Lake Baikal in Russia and Utah and Texas in the United States. In these areas, ozocerite is found as irregular mineal veins or as a black mass in clay strata. After being dug out, the ozocerite is heated to melt it and any earth or rock is removed. If necessary, it is heated to 115-120C to remove any moisture and then treated with sulfuric acid or fuming sulfuric acid. After neutralization, it is decolorized using activated charcoal or silica gel and filtered. If decolorizing is not sufficient, it is repeatedly treated with sulfuric acid and subjected to adsorption filtration to produce more refined ceresin. Continued to Metabolism

Origin: In 1809, Fuchs discovered that paraffin was present in petroleum and, in 1830, C.Reichenbach obtained a substance from brown coal tar which was stable in acid or alkali and gave it the name paraffin. The principal constituents are normal paraffins, but paraffin often also contains 2-3% isoparaffin and naphthene. The carbon number ranges from C₁₆-C₄₀ with C₂₀-C₃₀ being particularly common. (Ref. 0020)
A method of manufacture : Paraffin is made by distilling the parafiin-base crude oil in crude oil and subjecting the substance which remains at the end to steam distillation . Vacuum distillation orcontinuous distillation using a Foster pipe still may also be used. The distillate is then cooled usually employing a double steel pipe. The wax containing oil fractionvapor is passed through the inner pipe and a cooling liquid such as calcium chloride or magnesium chloride passed between the pipe in the reverse direction.
Cooling to -6--10C leaves a solid inside the inner pipe. This is removed and put in a compressing device which separates it into oil, which is extruded, and soft wax. As the extruded oil still contains a small amount of paraffin, it is again cooled in the cooling apparatus and compressed once more. The substance produced by these processes is called 'hard wax' (the paraffin product ). As the soft wax normally contains 45-55% oil, it is subjected to 'sweating' to produce the hard wax. Sweating involves melting the soft wax and placing it in a 'sweating plate'. As soft wax will solidify if allowed to cool, the temperature is steadily raised and the oil is 'sweated out' from between the solid matters and drains away. As the hard wax obtained by separating out the oil in this way contains impurities, it is washed with sulfuric acid at 70-80C . Continued to Metabolism

Origin
During the petroleum refining process, a large number of macromolecular solids contained in crude oil are separated out and paraffin is one of them. These substances are mainly of 2 types. One of them has a relatively low molecular weight and a crystalline wax (ordinary paraffin wax ) structure formed from simple saturatd hydrocarbons. The other is a rather complex compound called microcrystalline wax having a large molecular weight side chains. The molecular weight of microcrystalline wax is 450-1,000 and the carbon number C₃₁ - C₇₀ . It is composed mainly of hydrocarbons ( isoparaffins ) with a main chain and side chains but also contains small amounts of straight chain hydrocarbons ( normal paraffins) and cyclic hydrocarbons (naphthenes ).
Microcrystalline wax was first produced by Standard Oil Co. (Indiana ) in 1925 but at the time it was not very widely used. However, during the Second World war, in view of its superior damp-proof, waterproof and heat-proof qualities and excellent ductility, pliability and adhesion, very large amountswere used as a packaging material for huge consignments of weapons, foodstuffs, and other micellaneous war supplies that had to be transported to the battlefield. (Ref. 0021)
A method of manufacture
Some of the different types of microcrystalline wax made from petroleum are ozocerite, ceresin, motor oil wax, deoiled petrolatum and tank bottom wax. They arebroadly classified under the four following headings depending on their source materials: Continued to Metabolism

Origin :This material was discovered as a constituent of petroleum in 1875 and its initial production was mainly in Pennsylvania in the United States. It was given the name petrolatum and through research on its usage, came to be widely used in ointments and as a raw material for cosmetics. Petrolatum produced from American crude oil consists mainly of hydrocarbons of the paraffin group but it also contains small amounts of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alarger unsaturated hydrocarbon content would lower melting point and make it softer. Some of the principal constituents are Tetracosan (C₂₄H₅₀ ), Hentriacontan (C₃₁H₆₄ ),Dotoriacontan (C₃₂H₆₆ ) and Tetratorinacontan ( C₃₄H₆₄ ). Petrolatum produced from Russian crude oil contains a large amount of naphthene. (Ref. 0022)
A method of manufacture:(1) From paraffin-base cdude oil

In this case the starting material is paraffin-base crude oil which is made by cooling the precipitate or oil of storage tanks containing large amounts of solid paraffins of the methane series of hydrocarbons to 0C or below. Superheated steam is blown into this material to distill off the low boiling point fraction. This is washed well with sulfuric acid at around 60 C and then after washing with sodium hydroxide solution and finally with hot water, it is dried and further refined using animal charcoal and decolorizing powder (30-40% animal charcoal obtained as a by -product in the production of yellow prussiate of potash, silicic acid salts and a small amount of iron oxide ). Decolorization may also be carried out using an adsorbent such as acid clay and sometimes passing steam through the material. Depending on the degree of decolorization, either yellow or white petrolatum is obtained. Continued to Metabolidm

Origin
Polyethylene wax is a polyethylene of the low melting point obtained by polymerization of ethylene. (Ref. 0023)