Category:LBSP
Sphingomyelin
In mammalian cells, the major headgroup of ceramides is phosphocholine (producing sphingomyelin), or complex polysaccharides (glycosphingolipids). There are three types of spingomyelin (SM) synthase (SMS1, SMS2, SMSr) and the latter produce ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE), whose biochemical function is yet unknown. In Drosophila (fruitfly), the headgroup of ceramides is either phosphoethanolamine or complex polysaccharides, and completely lacks sphingomyelin. It has its own CPE synthase, not homologous to SM synthases. |
動物細胞ではセラミドの頭部にホスホコリン（スフィンゴミエリン SM ができる）、または複雑な糖鎖がつく。SM合成酵素には3種類あり、そのうちの2種はホスホエタノールアミンのついたセラミド CPE を合成する。 ショウジョウバエでは、セラミド頭部にホスホエタノールアミンか複雑な糖鎖がつき、スフィンゴミエリンは持たない。独自のCPE合成酵素があり、SM合成酵素とは相同性もない。 |
- Mammalian SM synthase family (SMS1 in golgi; SMS2 in plasma membrane)
- Phosphatidylcholine + Ceramide → Sphingomyelin + 1,2-Diacylglycerol
- SM degradation (Sphingomyelinase) SMase
- Sphingomyelin → Ceramide + Phosphocholine
Ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) and ceramide aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP)
Ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) is formed from a ceramide phosphate linked with ethanolamine. It is often found in insects, trace amount in many animals including bacteria, protozoa, and mammals, and absent in plants or fungi. Ceramide aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP) is similar to CPE but is formed by the C-P bonding. It is found in protozoa, cnidaria, mollusca, and echinodermata. |
セラミドホスホエタノールアミン(CPE)はセラミドにリン酸を介してエタノールアミンが結合したものです。昆虫に多く見出されますが、バクテリアから原生生物、哺乳動物まで多くの生物に微量ですが存在します。植物や菌類には見いだされていません。セラミドアミノエチルホスホン酸(CAEP)はCPEと似た構造ですがC-P結合を持ち、原生生物、刺胞動物、軟体動物、棘皮動物などに存在します。 |
Biosynthesis
There exist three types of sphingomyelin synthase, two of which synthesize CPE. One is SM synthase 2 in cell- and golgi membranes and the other, SM synthase-like protein in the ER lumen (CPE synthase). [1] |
スフィンゴミエリン (SM) 合成酵素には3タイプあり、そのうちの2種が CPE を合成します。一つはSM合成酵素SMS2で細胞膜やゴルジ体に存在し、他方は小胞体のスフィンゴミエリン1－関連酵素(SMSr/SAMD8)(CPE synthase)です。 |
- SM synthase 2 family (SMS2)
- phosphatidylethanolamine + ceramide → CPE + 1,2-diacylglycerol
- CPE synthase (SMS1-related enzyme) SMSr/SAMD8
- CDP-ethanolamine + ceramide → CPE + CMP
GIPC
Glycosyl inositol phosphoceramides (GIPCs) were historically referred to as 'phytoglycolipids' (PGLs) for their abundance in plants and fungi.[2][3] Later found in bacteria, protozoa, and other animals (except chordata), PGLs are now called GIPCs. The structure is composed of ceramide with inositol phosphate (inositolphosphoceramide, IPC) and different sugars are attached. In LipidBank, we classify GIPC into four types: |
グリコシルイノシトールホスホセラミド (GIPC) は植物に多く含まれるため、歴史的にフィト糖脂質 (phytoglycolipid, PGL) と呼ばれました。その後、菌類や植物だけでなく、バクテリア、原生生物、動物界（脊索動物は除く）での存在がわかり、現在はGIPCと呼ばれます。 構造はセラミドにイノシトールリン酸がついたイノシトールホスホセラミド（IPC)に、様々な糖がついて伸長します。 LipidBankではGIPCを4つに分類しています。
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- ↑ Vacaru AM, Tafesse FG, Ternes P et al. (2009) "Sphingomyelin synthase-related protein SMSr controls ceramide homeostasis in the ER" J Lipid Res 185(6):1013-1027. PMID 19506037
- ↑ Carter HE, Celmer WD, Galanos DS, Gigg RH, Lands EM, Law JH, Mueller KL, Nakayama T, Tomizawa HH, Weber E. 1958. Biochemistry of the sphingolipides. X. Phytoglycolipide, a complex phytosphingosine-containing lipide from plant seeds. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 35: 335–343
- ↑ Carter HE, Brooks S, Gigg RH, Strobach DR, Suami T. 1964. Biochemistry of the sphingolipids. XVI. Structure of phytoglycolipid. Journal of Biological Chemistry 239: 743–746
- ↑ Cerbón J, Falcon A, Hernández-Luna (2005) "Inositol phosphoceramide synthase is a regulator of intracellular levels of diacylglycerol and ceramide during the G1 to S transition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae" Biochem J. 2005 388(Pt 1):169-176. PMID 15560753
- ↑ Buré C, Cacas JL, Mongrand S, Schmitter JM (2014) "Characterization of glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramides from plants and fungi by mass spectrometry" Anal Bioanal Chem. 406:995-1010. PMID 23887274
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