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Revision as of 05:38, 20 November 2014

Sphingolipid


Upper classes: LB

Class Overview

The Sphingolipid category (LBS) in the database includes glycosphingolipid and phosphosphingolipid.

Sphingolipid Overview

Glyco-sphingolipid (including its lyso form)
スフィンゴ糖脂質 (リゾ体を含む)
LBSnn.png

Phospho-sphingolipid (including glycosyl phosphoinositolceramide or GIPC)
スフィンゴリン脂質 (GIPC含む)
LBSPP.png

Sphingosine & Ceramide

Sphingolipids were first isolated from brain by J.L.W. Thudichum (1829-1901) as lipids of unknown function and structure. The name "sphingo" comes from the Greek word sphingein for holding tight. (The Sphinx also comes from this word root. See the Wikipedia article in English., as well as sphincter muscle.) The basic structure is a long-chain base, usually sphingosine (2-amino-4-octadecene-1,3-diol), whose amino-group is acylated with a long-chain fatty acid. This hydrophobic structure is called ceramides.

スフィンゴ脂質は J.L.W. Thudichum (1829-1901) により機能や構造未知の脂質として脳から見いだされました。スフィンゴという名前はギリシャ語の sphingein に由来しており、「固く縛る」という意味です。（スフィンクスの語源も之に同じで、括約筋のことを英語で sphincter muscle といいます。）基本骨格は長鎖塩基 (長鎖アミノアルコール、通常はスフィンゴシン) のアミノ基が長鎖脂肪酸とアミド結合したもので、セラミドと呼ばれます。

Ceramides with the sphingosine base are prevalent as membrane components of eukaryotic cells. Those with the phytosphingosine base localize in particular organs such as small intestines. Sphingomyelin is a ceramide with phosphocholine.

スフィンゴシンをもつセラミドは細胞組織の膜成分として普遍的に存在します。その他にも臓器特異的にフィトスフィンゴシンを含むセラミドが知られています。セラミドにホスフォコリンがついたものが有名なスフィンゴミエリンです。



Biosynthesis

Sphingosine is synthesized from decarboxylating condensation of palmitoyl CoA with serine. It is a 18-carbon amino alcohol (16 carbons from palmitic acid and 2 from serine) with one unsaturated bond.

スフィンゴシンはパルミトイルCoAがアミノ酸セリンと脱炭酸縮合して生成します。炭素を18個含むアミノアルコール(16個がパルミチン酸、2個がセリン由来)で不飽和結合を1つ含んでいます (2-amino-4-octadecene-1,3-diol)。

Sphingolipid スフィンゴ脂質

Common Abbreviations

Page/ID Classification

L B S G/P s1 s2 n1 n2 y c1 c2
G/P G (glyco) P (phospho)
s1, s2 structure code as explained below
n1, n2 number of sugars (2 digits)
y N (neutral), A (acidic), B (basic), or M (amphoteric)
c1, c2 serial numbers

Structure Code

Code for Glycosphingolipid

First sugar Code Sequence Common Name
Galactose G1 Gal Cer  
(0 pages)
Galα−4/6Galβ−Cer
 
(0 pages)
Galβ−4Glcβ−3Galβ−Cer
Glucose
G2 GalNAcβ Galβ Glcβ Cer  
(0 pages)
GalNAcβ−4 Galβ−4 Glcβ− Cer
 
(0 pages)
GalNAcβ−3 Galβ−4 Glcβ− Cer
 
(0 pages)
GalNAcβ−4Galβ−4 Glcβ− Cer
GlcNAcβ1−3/
G3 GlcNAcα/β Galβ Glcβ Cer  
(0 pages)
GlcNAcβ−3Galβ−4 Glcβ− Cer
 
(0 pages)
Galβ−4GlcNAcβ−3Galβ−4Glcβ−Cer
Isoneolacto
G4 Galα Galβ Glcβ Cer  
(0 pages)
Galα−4 Galβ−4 Glcβ− Cer
 
(0 pages)
Galα−3 Galβ−4 Glcβ− Cer
G5 Galα/β Glcα/β Cer
(Except G2∼G4) 		 
(0 pages)
Galβ−4 Galβ−4 Glcβ− Cer
G6 Manα/β Glcβ Cer  
(0 pages)
GlcNAcβ−3Manβ−4 Glcβ− Cer
 
(0 pages)
Manα−3Manβ−4 Glcβ− Cer
G7 NeuAc or NeuGcα/β Glcβ Cer  
(0 pages)
NeuAc or NeuGc−6 Glcβ− Cer
G8 GalNAcα/β Glcα/β Cer  
(0 pages)
GalNAcα/β−4 Glcα/β− Cer
Others G(A∼Z) Symbols follow the 2nd-digit table.

Code for Phosphosphingolipid

First sugar Code Common Name Sequence
No Sugar P1 Sphingomyelin P-Cer
Inositol P2 Protozoan GIPC GlcNβ/α−2/6Ins−P-Cer
P3 Plant GIPC GlcAβ/α−2/6Ins−P-Cer
P4 Fungal GIPC Manβ/α−1/2/4/6Ins−P-Cer
P5 Others Ins−P-Cer
Additional DIGIT for the structure
A Glc
B Gal
C GlcNAc
D GalNAc
E GlcN
F GalN
G GlcA
H GalA

J Man
K Rha
L Ins
M Fuc
N Ara
P Xyl
Q NeuAc/NeuGc/NeuNH/KDN

S HPO3
T AEPn, EtnP, MAEPr, PC
U HSO3 / OSO4
V acyl/alkyl/alkenyl chain


Subcategories

This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total.

L

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