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! Structure !! ''sn''-1 !! ''sn''-2 !! Description
! Structure !! ''sn''-1 !! ''sn''-2 !! Description
|-
|-
| [[Image:LBGPC16_0_18_1.png|300px|link=LBGPC16:0-18:1]]
| [[Image:LBGPC16_0-18_1.png|300px|link=LBGPC16:0-18:1]]
| palmitic acid (16:0) <br/>パルミチン酸 || oleic acid (18:1n-9) <br/> オレイン酸  
| palmitic acid (16:0) <br/>パルミチン酸 || oleic acid (18:1n-9) <br/> オレイン酸  
| animal and plant cells in general <br/>一般的な動物・植物細胞
| animal and plant cells in general <br/>一般的な動物・植物細胞
|-
|-
| [[Image:LBGPC16_0_18_2.png|300px|link=LBGPC16:0-18:2]]
| [[Image:LBGPC16_0-18_2.png|300px|link=LBGPC16:0-18:2]]
| palmitic acid (16:0) <br/>パルミチン酸 || linoleic acid (18:2n-6) <br/>リノレン酸  
| palmitic acid (16:0) <br/>パルミチン酸 || linoleic acid (18:2n-6) <br/>リノレン酸  
| animal and plant cells in general <br/>一般的な動物・植物細胞
| animal and plant cells in general <br/>一般的な動物・植物細胞
|-
|-
| [[Image:LBGPC16_0_16_0.png|300px|link=LBGPC16:0-16:0]]
| [[Image:LBGPC16_0-16_0.png|300px|link=LBGPC16:0-16:0]]
| palmitic acid (16:0) <br/>パルミチン酸 || palmitic acid (16:0) <br/>パルミチン酸 || active surfactant and major in pulmonary surface <br/> 界面活性を有し、肺胞表面で多い
| palmitic acid (16:0) <br/>パルミチン酸 || palmitic acid (16:0) <br/>パルミチン酸 || active surfactant and major in pulmonary surface <br/> 界面活性を有し、肺胞表面で多い
|-
|}
 
;Ether-type PC
{{twocolumn|
The ''sn''-1 position of PC can be ether form instead of the standard acyl form. The 1-alkylated chain has 16 or 18 carbons and present in all kinds of cells. A particular 1-alkyl-2-acetyl PC is called platelet activating factor (PAF) <ref>Demopoulos CA, Pinckard RN, Hanahan DJ (1979) "Platelet-activating factor. Evidence for 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine as the active component (a new class of lipid chemical mediators)" J Biol Chem 254(19):9355 PMID 489536</ref>, and it also is a inflammation mediator. Synthetic alkyl lipids, such as edelfosine (1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-PC), function as antitumor agents.
| PCの ''sn''-1 はエーテル結合の場合もあり、鎖長16または18のものがほぼ全ての細胞に見つかります。特に 1-アルキル-2アセチルのPCは血小板活性化因子 (PAF) と呼ばれ、炎症をひきおこします。edelfosineのように両方がアルキルの合成PCは抗腫瘍効果を示します。
}}


|}
;Alkenyl-type PC
{{twocolumn|
The 1-alk-1&prime;-enyl-2-acyl-PCs are called alkenylphosphatidylcholines (or plasmenylcholines). Together with plasmenyl ethanolamine forms, they are called plasmalogens and mainly localize in peroxysomes.
| 1-alkylでエーテル結合の隣に二重結合のあるPCは、アルケニルホスファチジルコリンまたはプラスメニルコリンと呼ばれます。プラスメニルエタノールアミンとあわせてプラズマローゲンと呼ばれ、多くがペロキシソームに局在します。
}}


;Functions
==Function==
;Signaling agent
{{twocolumn|
The hydrolysis of PC by phospholipases C and D in response to agonists such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) produces phosphatidic acid and phosphocholine.
|血小板由来増殖因子などのアゴニストに対し、PCがホスホリパーゼCまたはDにより加水分解されると、二次メッセンジャーであるホスファチジン酸を産生します。
}}
;Phagocytosis
{{twocolumn|
The 2-lyso-derivatives by the phospholipase A2 activity stimulate phagocyte recruitment and phagocytosis. They also cause demyelination of dendrites.
|ホスホリパーゼA2により産生する2-リゾ体は、食細胞を刺激し貪食作用をおこします。また神経細胞を脱ミエリン化させます。
}}
;LDL recognition
{{twocolumn|
{{twocolumn|
PC is a major membrane lipid and also a signalling agent. Its hydrolysis by phospholipases C and D proceeds in response to agonists such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and it produces phosphatidic acid and phosphocholine.
''sn''-2 oxidized forms of PC16:0-18:1 and PC16:0-22:4 function as the ligands for CD36 receptor. Macrophages use them to identify oxidized forms of low density lipoprotein (LDL).<ref>Podrez EA, Poliakov E, et al. (2002) "Identification of a novel family of oxidized phospholipids that serve as ligands for the macrophage scavenger receptor CD36" J Biol Chem 277(41):38503. PMID 12105195</ref>
|ホスファチジルコリンは膜だけでなくシグナル物質としても働きます。血小板由来増殖因子などのアゴニストに対してホスホリパーゼCまたはDにより加水分解され、二次メッセンジャーであるホスファチジン酸を産生します。
| PC16:0-18:1 や PC16:0-22:4 の ''sn''-2 が酸化してアルデヒドやアルコールになったものがCD36受容体のリガンドになります。マクロファージがこれらの分子を認識して酸化LDLを見分けます。
}}
}}




;Essentiality
==Essentiality==
{{twocolumn|
{{twocolumn|
''Chlamydomonas reinhardtii'' completely lack PCs, and its functions are complemented with diacylglyceryltrimethyl-homoserine (DGTS).<ref>Vogel G, Eichenberger W (1992) Betaine lipids in lower plants. Biosynthesis of DGTS and DGTA in Ochromonas danica (Chrysophyceae) and the possible role of DGTS in lipid metabolism. Plant Cell Physiol. 33:427 [http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/4/427.abstract pdf]</ref><ref>Moore TS, Du Z, Chen Z (2001) Membrane lipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In vitro biosynthesis of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine. Plant Physiol. 125(1):423 PMID 11154349</ref> Other chlamydomonas species contain both PCs and DGTSs.
''Chlamydomonas reinhardtii'' completely lack PCs, and its functions are complemented with diacylglyceryltrimethyl-homoserine (DGTS).<ref>Vogel G, Eichenberger W (1992) Betaine lipids in lower plants. Biosynthesis of DGTS and DGTA in Ochromonas danica (Chrysophyceae) and the possible role of DGTS in lipid metabolism. Plant Cell Physiol. 33:427 [http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/4/427.abstract pdf]</ref><ref>Moore TS, Du Z, Chen Z (2001) Membrane lipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In vitro biosynthesis of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine. Plant Physiol. 125(1):423 PMID 11154349</ref> Other chlamydomonas species contain both PCs and DGTSs.

Revision as of 14:48, 20 July 2016

Phosphatidyl Choline

The phosphatidyl cholines, or PCs, are abundant phospholipids in animal and plant cells.

ホスファチジルコリン（PC）は動物・植物の細胞における主要なリン脂質です。

Major composition
Structure sn-1 sn-2 Description
palmitic acid (16:0)
パルミチン酸		 oleic acid (18:1n-9)
オレイン酸 		animal and plant cells in general
一般的な動物・植物細胞
palmitic acid (16:0)
パルミチン酸		 linoleic acid (18:2n-6)
リノレン酸 		animal and plant cells in general
一般的な動物・植物細胞
palmitic acid (16:0)
パルミチン酸		 palmitic acid (16:0)
パルミチン酸		 active surfactant and major in pulmonary surface
界面活性を有し、肺胞表面で多い
Ether-type PC

The sn-1 position of PC can be ether form instead of the standard acyl form. The 1-alkylated chain has 16 or 18 carbons and present in all kinds of cells. A particular 1-alkyl-2-acetyl PC is called platelet activating factor (PAF) [1], and it also is a inflammation mediator. Synthetic alkyl lipids, such as edelfosine (1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-PC), function as antitumor agents.

PCの sn-1 はエーテル結合の場合もあり、鎖長16または18のものがほぼ全ての細胞に見つかります。特に 1-アルキル-2アセチルのPCは血小板活性化因子 (PAF) と呼ばれ、炎症をひきおこします。edelfosineのように両方がアルキルの合成PCは抗腫瘍効果を示します。

Alkenyl-type PC

The 1-alk-1′-enyl-2-acyl-PCs are called alkenylphosphatidylcholines (or plasmenylcholines). Together with plasmenyl ethanolamine forms, they are called plasmalogens and mainly localize in peroxysomes.

1-alkylでエーテル結合の隣に二重結合のあるPCは、アルケニルホスファチジルコリンまたはプラスメニルコリンと呼ばれます。プラスメニルエタノールアミンとあわせてプラズマローゲンと呼ばれ、多くがペロキシソームに局在します。

Function

Signaling agent

The hydrolysis of PC by phospholipases C and D in response to agonists such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) produces phosphatidic acid and phosphocholine.

血小板由来増殖因子などのアゴニストに対し、PCがホスホリパーゼCまたはDにより加水分解されると、二次メッセンジャーであるホスファチジン酸を産生します。

Phagocytosis

The 2-lyso-derivatives by the phospholipase A2 activity stimulate phagocyte recruitment and phagocytosis. They also cause demyelination of dendrites.

ホスホリパーゼA2により産生する2-リゾ体は、食細胞を刺激し貪食作用をおこします。また神経細胞を脱ミエリン化させます。

LDL recognition

sn-2 oxidized forms of PC16:0-18:1 and PC16:0-22:4 function as the ligands for CD36 receptor. Macrophages use them to identify oxidized forms of low density lipoprotein (LDL).[2]

PC16:0-18:1 や PC16:0-22:4 の sn-2 が酸化してアルデヒドやアルコールになったものがCD36受容体のリガンドになります。マクロファージがこれらの分子を認識して酸化LDLを見分けます。


Essentiality

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii completely lack PCs, and its functions are complemented with diacylglyceryltrimethyl-homoserine (DGTS).[3][4] Other chlamydomonas species contain both PCs and DGTSs.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii はPCを全く持たず、その機能はジアシルグリセリルトリメチルホモセリン (DGTS) で代替されています。他のクラミドモナスは PC も DGTS も持っています。


References
  1. ↑ Demopoulos CA, Pinckard RN, Hanahan DJ (1979) "Platelet-activating factor. Evidence for 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine as the active component (a new class of lipid chemical mediators)" J Biol Chem 254(19):9355 PMID 489536
  2. ↑ Podrez EA, Poliakov E, et al. (2002) "Identification of a novel family of oxidized phospholipids that serve as ligands for the macrophage scavenger receptor CD36" J Biol Chem 277(41):38503. PMID 12105195
  3. ↑ Vogel G, Eichenberger W (1992) Betaine lipids in lower plants. Biosynthesis of DGTS and DGTA in Ochromonas danica (Chrysophyceae) and the possible role of DGTS in lipid metabolism. Plant Cell Physiol. 33:427 pdf
  4. ↑ Moore TS, Du Z, Chen Z (2001) Membrane lipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In vitro biosynthesis of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine. Plant Physiol. 125(1):423 PMID 11154349

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