Category:LBSB: Difference between revisions
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{{Twocolumn|
{{Twocolumn|
The word ceramide (Cer) basically refers to all N-acyl-sphingoid bases, but most representative one is N-acylsphingosines. The conjugated fatty acids are often 16 to 26 carbon chains.
Ceramide (Cer) consists of a long-chain base (LCB) and a long-chain fatty acid linked via an amide bond. The conjugated fatty acids are often length 16 to 26. In normal tissues, little ceramide exists as an intermediate of phospho- and glycosphingolipid, whereas in the skin (corneocyte), ceramides and fatty-acid conjugated acyl-ceramides dominates and exhibit the barrier function.
 
| セラミドは長鎖塩基に脂肪酸がアミド結合した構造です。結合する脂肪酸の炭素鎖長は16から26が多く、通常組織ではスフィンゴリン脂質やスフィンゴ糖脂質の中間体として少量存在します。皮膚の角質層にはセラミドに更に脂肪酸が結合したアシルセラミドがあり、皮膚のバリア機能を担います。
In mammalian skin, free ceramides comprise 55% of the intercellular lipid layer and exhibit barrier function. The ceramides may contain >30 carbon chains. Atopic dermatitis (and dry skin) is associated with a decrease and compositional change of such ceramides.
 
In industry, ceramides are extracted from vegetable-oil cakes from corn, rice, wheat, soybean, and others.  
|
セラミドという言葉は基本的に N-アシルスフィンゴイド塩基を指すが、最も代表的なものは N-アシルスフィンゴシンである。結合する脂肪酸の炭素長は16から26である。
 
動物の皮膚における角質細胞間脂質では遊離のセラミドが55S%を占め、バリア機能を持つ。セラミドの長さも30以上に及ぶ。アトピー性皮膚炎や乾燥肌ではセラミド量が減少し、組成も変化していることが知られる。
 
工業的には、セラミドはトウモロコシ、コメ、コムギ、ダイズ等からの植物油滓から精製する。
}}
}}


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|style="background:lightgray"| <font size="+2">Cer&nbsp;<br/>d18:1<sup>&Delta;8E</sup>/20:0</font>&nbsp;
|style="background:lightgray"| <font size="+2">Cer&nbsp;<br/>d18:1<sup>&Delta;8E</sup>/20:0</font>&nbsp;
| Cer is an abbreviations of ceramide. The first part indicates the sphingoid base and the second, after the slash, fatty acid.<br/>In this website we do not use superscripts or subscripts for readability.<br/>Also we do not italicize E (or trans) and Z (or cis) for the same reason.
| Cer is an abbreviations of ceramide. The first part indicates the sphingoid base and the second, after the slash, fatty acid.<br/>In this website we do not use superscripts or subscripts for readability.<br/>Also we do not italicize E (or trans) and Z (or cis) for the same reason.
|width="30%"| Cerはセラミドの略号。左側が長鎖塩基、スラッシュを挟んで右側に脂肪酸。このサイトでは上付き／下付きは使用しない（見づらいため）。また E (トランス）, Z (シス）もイタリックにしていない。
|width="30%"| Cerはセラミドの略号。左側が長鎖塩基、スラッシュを挟んで右側に脂肪酸。このサイトでは上付き／下付きは使用せず（見づらいため）、 E (トランス）, Z (シス）もイタリックにしません。
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!Plants
!Plants
| h16:0 - h26:0<br/>h16:1 - h26:1<br/>h16:0<br/>VLCFA
| 16:0 - 26:0<br/>16:1 - 26:1<br/>16:0<br/>VLCFA
| d18:2&Delta;4E8E/Z<br/>d18:2&Delta;4E8E/Z<br/>d18:1&Delta;8E/Z<br/>t18:1&Delta;8E/Z
| d18:2&Delta;4E8E/Z<br/>d18:2&Delta;4E8E/Z<br/>d18:1&Delta;8E/Z<br/>t18:1&Delta;8E/Z
| <ref name=Mark>Markham JE, Lynch DV, Napier JA, Dunn TM, Cahoon EB. Plant sphingolipids: function follows form. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2013 16: 350-7. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.02.009.</ref><ref name="War">Warnecke D, Heinz E..Recently discovered functions of glucosylceramides in plants and fungi. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2003 60:919-41.doi: 10.1007/s00018-003-2243-4.</ref><br/><ref name="Mark"/><ref name="War"/><br/><ref name="Mark"/><br/><ref name="Mark"/><ref name="War"/>
| <ref name=Mark>Markham JE, Lynch DV, Napier JA, Dunn TM, Cahoon EB. Plant sphingolipids: function follows form. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2013 16: 350-7. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.02.009.</ref><ref name="War">Warnecke D, Heinz E..Recently discovered functions of glucosylceramides in plants and fungi. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2003 60:919-41.doi: 10.1007/s00018-003-2243-4.</ref><br/><ref name="Mark"/><ref name="War"/><br/><ref name="Mark"/><br/><ref name="Mark"/><ref name="War"/>
| hVLCFA<br/>h14:0 - h26:0<br/>h20:1 - h26:1
| VLCFA<br/>14:0 - 26:0<br/>20:1 - 26:1
| t18:1&Delta;8E/Z<br/>t18:1&Delta;8E/Z, t18:0<br/>t18:1&Delta;8E/Z, t18:0
| t18:1&Delta;8E/Z<br/>t18:1&Delta;8E/Z, t18:0<br/>t18:1&Delta;8E/Z, t18:0
| <ref name="Mark"/><br/><ref name="Bure">Buré C, Cacas JL, Mongrand S, Schmitter JM. Characterization of glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramides from plants and fungi by mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013 doi: 10.1007/s00216-013-7130-8.</ref><br/><ref name="Mark"/><ref name="Bure"/>
| <ref name="Mark"/><br/><ref name="Bure">Buré C, Cacas JL, Mongrand S, Schmitter JM. Characterization of glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramides from plants and fungi by mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013 doi: 10.1007/s00216-013-7130-8.</ref><br/><ref name="Mark"/><ref name="Bure"/>
|-
|-
!Fungi
!Fungi
| h16:0 - h18:0<br/>h16:1 - h18:1
| 16:0 - 18:0<br/>16:1 - 18:1
| 9-methyl d18:2&Delta;4E,8E<br/>9-methyl d18:2&Delta;4E,8E
| 9-methyl d18:2&Delta;4E,8E<br/>9-methyl d18:2&Delta;4E,8E
| <ref name="Nim">Nimrichter L, Rodrigues ML. Fungal glucosylceramides: from structural components to biologically active targets of new antimicrobials. Front Microbiol. 2011 2:212. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00212.</ref><ref name="War"/><br/><ref name="Nim"/><ref name="War"/>
| <ref name="Nim">Nimrichter L, Rodrigues ML. Fungal glucosylceramides: from structural components to biologically active targets of new antimicrobials. Front Microbiol. 2011 2:212. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00212.</ref><ref name="War"/><br/><ref name="Nim"/><ref name="War"/>
| h24:0 - h26:0<br/>h24:1 - h26:1<br/>h16:0 - h26:0
| 24:0 - 26:0<br/>24:1 - 26:1<br/>16:0 - 26:0
| t18:0<br/>t18:0<br/>t18:0, t20:0
| t18:0<br/>t18:0<br/>t18:0, t20:0
| <ref name="Nim"/><br/><ref name="War"/><br/><ref name="War"/><ref name="Bure"/>
| <ref name="Nim"/><br/><ref name="War"/><br/><ref name="War"/><ref name="Bure"/>
|}
|}
===Bioactivity===
{{Twocolumn|
* Atopic dermatitis (and dry skin) is associated with a decrease and compositional change of ceramides.<ref>Macheleidt O, Kaiser HW, Sandhoff K (2002) Deficiency of epidermal protein-bound omega-hydroxyceramides in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 119:166-173. PMID 12164940</ref>
* Ceramides involve in cell proliferation and autophagy, and ceramide 1-phosphate functions as a lipid mediator.<ref>Young MM, Kester M, Wang HG (2013) Sphingolipids: regulators of crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy. J Lipid Res. 54:5-19. PMID 23152582</ref>
|
* アトピー性皮膚炎や乾燥肌ではセラミド量が減少し、組成も変化しています。
* 通常細胞内ではLCBと同様に細胞増殖やオートファジーに関与し、セラミド末端にリン酸が結合した Cer-1-P も脂質メディエータとして働きます。
}}


<references/>
<references/>

Revision as of 19:14, 15 March 2016


Upper classes: LB LBS

Long-chain base

Long-chain base (LCB or sphingoid base) is a 2-aminoalkane (or alkene) 1,3-diol. In cells, it constitutes sphingolipids and little exists as a free form. The structural variation depends on biological species.[1]

長鎖塩基 LCB（またはスフィンゴイド塩基）は 2-アミノアルカン（またはアルケン） 1,3-ジオールを指します。生体内ではスフィンゴ脂質の構成成分で、遊離のLCBは微量しか存在しません。生物種によってLCBの構造は大きく異なります。

Species
Higher animals sphingosine (= (4E)-d18:1) [general]
(4E)-d20:1 [nerve tissue], t18:0 [intestine]
Insects short-chain sphingosine (d14:1, d16:1) [general][2]
Plants (8E/Z)-d18:1, (8E/Z)-t18:1, (4E,8E/Z)-d18:2 [general]
Fungi 9-methyl (4E,8E)-d18:2, t18:0 [general]


Notation

Sph
d18:1  		Sph is an abbreviation of LCB.
d or t stands for double or triple hydroxy groups, respectively. (We count the terminal alcohol.)
18 is the carbon chain length.
1 after the colon is the number of unsaturated bonds (double bonds).

Sphは長鎖塩基 LCB の略号。 d, t はそれぞれ 2, 3 個の水酸基 （アルコールの水酸基含む）。18は炭素鎖長。コロンの次にくる1は不飽和結合（二重結合）の数。

Major Sphingoid

Name Symbol Abbreviation Note
sphingosine = (4E)-sphingenine
(4E)-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol 		d18:1 So Major in mammals
sphinganine = dihydrosphingosine
2-amino-octadecane-1,3-diol 		d18:0 Sa or DHSo Lacking the trans-double bond of sphingosine
4-hydroxysphinganine = phytosphingosine
2-amino-octadecane-1,3,4-triol 		t18:0 Phyto Major in fungi and plant
6-hydroxysphingosine
(4E)-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3,6-triol 		6-t18:1 Found in skin

Bioactivity

  • Free LCB induces apoptosis.
  • Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a lipid mediator of cell proliferation and motility control.

  • 遊離のLCBはアポトーシスを惹起します。[3]
  • スフィンゴシン 1リン酸 (Sph-1-P) は脂質メディエータとして細胞増殖や運動制御に働きます。

  1. ↑ Merrill AH (2011) "Sphingolipid and Glycosphingolipid Metabolic Pathways in the Era of Sphingolipidomics" Chem. Rev. 111, 6387–6422. PMID 21942574
  2. ↑ Guan XL, Cestra G, Shui G, Kuhrs A, Schittenhelm RB, Hafen E, van der Goot FG, Robinett CC, Gatti M, Gonzalez-Gaitan M, Wenk MR (2013) "Biochemical membrane lipidomics during Drosophila development" Dev Cell 24, 98-111. PMID 23260625
  3. ↑ Hung WC, Chang HC, Chuang LY (1999) "Activation of caspase-3-like proteases in apoptosis induced by sphingosine and other long-chain bases in Hep3B hepatoma cells" Biochem J. 338:161-166. PMID 9931312

Ceramides

Ceramide (Cer) consists of a long-chain base (LCB) and a long-chain fatty acid linked via an amide bond. The conjugated fatty acids are often length 16 to 26. In normal tissues, little ceramide exists as an intermediate of phospho- and glycosphingolipid, whereas in the skin (corneocyte), ceramides and fatty-acid conjugated acyl-ceramides dominates and exhibit the barrier function.

セラミドは長鎖塩基に脂肪酸がアミド結合した構造です。結合する脂肪酸の炭素鎖長は16から26が多く、通常組織ではスフィンゴリン脂質やスフィンゴ糖脂質の中間体として少量存在します。皮膚の角質層にはセラミドに更に脂肪酸が結合したアシルセラミドがあり、皮膚のバリア機能を担います。

Notation

Cer 
d18:1Δ8E/20:0  		Cer is an abbreviations of ceramide. The first part indicates the sphingoid base and the second, after the slash, fatty acid.
In this website we do not use superscripts or subscripts for readability.
Also we do not italicize E (or trans) and Z (or cis) for the same reason. 		Cerはセラミドの略号。左側が長鎖塩基、スラッシュを挟んで右側に脂肪酸。このサイトでは上付き／下付きは使用せず（見づらいため）、 E (トランス）, Z (シス）もイタリックにしません。

Composition

Species Glycosylceramide Glycosyl inositol phosphoceramide (GIPC)
Fatty acid Long chain base References Fatty acid Long chain base References
Plants 16:0 - 26:0
16:1 - 26:1
16:0
VLCFA 		d18:2Δ4E8E/Z
d18:2Δ4E8E/Z
d18:1Δ8E/Z
t18:1Δ8E/Z 		[1][2]
[1][2]
[1]
[1][2] 		VLCFA
14:0 - 26:0
20:1 - 26:1 		t18:1Δ8E/Z
t18:1Δ8E/Z, t18:0
t18:1Δ8E/Z, t18:0 		[1]
[3]
[1][3]
Fungi 16:0 - 18:0
16:1 - 18:1 		9-methyl d18:2Δ4E,8E
9-methyl d18:2Δ4E,8E 		[4][2]
[4][2] 		24:0 - 26:0
24:1 - 26:1
16:0 - 26:0 		t18:0
t18:0
t18:0, t20:0 		[4]
[2]
[2][3]

Bioactivity

  • Atopic dermatitis (and dry skin) is associated with a decrease and compositional change of ceramides.[5]
  • Ceramides involve in cell proliferation and autophagy, and ceramide 1-phosphate functions as a lipid mediator.[6]

  • アトピー性皮膚炎や乾燥肌ではセラミド量が減少し、組成も変化しています。
  • 通常細胞内ではLCBと同様に細胞増殖やオートファジーに関与し、セラミド末端にリン酸が結合した Cer-1-P も脂質メディエータとして働きます。


  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Markham JE, Lynch DV, Napier JA, Dunn TM, Cahoon EB. Plant sphingolipids: function follows form. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2013 16: 350-7. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.02.009.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Warnecke D, Heinz E..Recently discovered functions of glucosylceramides in plants and fungi. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2003 60:919-41.doi: 10.1007/s00018-003-2243-4.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Buré C, Cacas JL, Mongrand S, Schmitter JM. Characterization of glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramides from plants and fungi by mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013 doi: 10.1007/s00216-013-7130-8.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Nimrichter L, Rodrigues ML. Fungal glucosylceramides: from structural components to biologically active targets of new antimicrobials. Front Microbiol. 2011 2:212. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00212.
  5. ↑ Macheleidt O, Kaiser HW, Sandhoff K (2002) Deficiency of epidermal protein-bound omega-hydroxyceramides in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 119:166-173. PMID 12164940
  6. ↑ Young MM, Kester M, Wang HG (2013) Sphingolipids: regulators of crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy. J Lipid Res. 54:5-19. PMID 23152582

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