(weight %) From: Yamakawa T, Nishimura S. "Cerebroside composition in animal brain" Jpn J Exp 1966;36:101 PMID 5297247
Fatty acid composition of bovine brains
Nonhydroxy fatty acid (adjusted GC peak %)
|
Hydroxy fatty acid
|
fatty acid |
Ceramide |
Sphingomyelin |
Cerebroside |
Sulfatide |
fatty acid |
Cerebroside |
Sulfatide
|
12:0
|
- |
12h:0 |
0.4 |
0.3
|
13:0
|
- |
13h:0 |
0.2 |
0.2
|
14:0 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0.8 |
14h:0 |
0.8 |
3.9
|
15:0 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
tr. |
0.3 |
15h:0 |
tr. |
0.3
|
16:0 |
4.5 |
5.9 |
3.5 |
4.1 |
16h:0 |
0.1 |
0.7
|
16:1 |
0.4 |
tr. |
0.1 |
0.7 |
16h:1 |
tr. |
1.7
|
17:0 |
tr. |
0.3 |
tr. |
tr. |
17h:0 |
0.2 |
0.9
|
18:0 |
35.2 |
40.1 |
5.8 |
3.3 |
18h:0 |
16.2 |
12.3
|
18:1 |
2.1 |
0.7 |
2.7 |
5.2 |
18h:1 |
- |
-
|
19:0 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
19h:0 |
0.4 |
0.3
|
20:0 |
1.0 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
20h:0 |
0.5 |
0.7
|
20:1 |
0.5 |
tr. |
0.3 |
0.4 |
20h:1 |
- |
-
|
21:0 |
tr. |
tr. |
- |
- |
21h:1 |
- |
-
|
22:0 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
22h:0 |
5.8 |
7.7
|
22:1 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
22h:1 |
- |
-
|
23:0 |
3.7 |
2.8 |
5.2 |
3.1 |
23h:0 |
8.9 |
6.5
|
23:1 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.2 |
0.8 |
23h:1 |
- |
-
|
24:0 |
9.8 |
10.7 |
17.4 |
17.8 |
24h:0 |
30.1 |
26.0
|
24:1 |
18.4 |
24.6 |
39.3 |
39.5 |
24h:1 |
14.6 |
16.7
|
25:0 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
3.6 |
2.2 |
25h:0 |
7.0 |
4.5
|
25:1 |
3.0 |
3.3 |
6.2 |
5.2 |
25h:1 |
3.0 |
2.8
|
26:0 |
2.3 |
0.6 |
1.7 |
2.3 |
26h:0 |
3.9 |
3.8
|
26:1 |
3.6 |
2.6 |
7.6 |
8.5 |
26h:1 |
6.3 |
6.5
|
27:0 |
2.9 |
- |
- |
- |
27h:0 |
- |
-
|
27:1 |
1.8 |
- |
tr. |
- |
27h:1 |
- |
-
|
From: O'Brien JS, Rouser G "The fatty acid composition of brain sphingolipids: sphingomyelin, ceramide, cerebroside, and cerebroside sulfate"J Lipid Res1964; 5:339-342.PMID 5873370 Per cent of FA of each column. No PUFA, trace amount of hydroxy FA in ceramide, no hydroxy FA in sphingomyelin. The total ratio of nonhydroxy to hydroxy acids in cerebroside and sulfatide were 42:58 and 77:23, respectively (77:13 in the original paper). Human brain has a similar composition.
|
Cerebrosides in All Kingdoms
The table lists biological species from which sphingolipids were identified. Icons indicate representative species. The icons are used in sphingolipid references together with for chemical synthesis.
|
ここに示す分類表にはスフィンゴ脂質が報告された生物が記載されており、アイコンは代表種を表します。スフィンゴ脂質関連の文献にはこれらのアイコンの他、化学合成を表すも使われます。
|
Domain
|
Kingdom
|
Phylum
|
Class
|
Order
|
Model organism
|
Icon
|
Galactosylceramides (GalCer) (*β configuration unless otherwise state)
|
Glucosylceramides (GlcCer) (*β configuration unless otherwise state)
|
Glycosphingolipids (GSL)
|
Ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE)
|
Sphingomyelin (SM)
|
Ceramide aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP)
|
Ceramide methylaminoethylphosphonate (CMAEP)
|
Glycosyl inositol phosphoceramides (GIPC)
|
ドメイン
|
界
|
門
|
綱
|
目
|
モデル生物
|
Species (Structure)
|
FA, LCB
|
References
|
Species (Structure)
|
FA, LCB
|
References
|
Species (Structure)
|
FA, LCB
|
References
|
Major series
|
Species (Structure)
|
FA, LCB
|
References
|
Species (Structure)
|
FA, LCB
|
References
|
Species (Structure)
|
FA, LCB
|
References
|
Species (Structure)
|
FA, LCB
|
References
|
Species (Structure)
|
FA, LCB
|
References
|
真正細菌 Bacteria
|
|
バクテロイデス門 Bacteroidetes
|
|
|
腸内細菌
|
|
Bacteroides fragilis (α-GalCer)
|
br-h17:0, br-d17:0
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bacteroides fragilis
|
br-h17:0, br-d17:0
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sphingobacterium spiritivorum /ATCC33861 (Ins-P-Cer)
|
br-15:0, br-h15:0, br-d17:0
|
PubMed
|
シアノバクテリア門 Cyanobacteria
|
|
|
藍色細菌
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scytonema julianum (Acetyl- sphingomyelin)
|
15:1,d18:1
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
プロテオバクテリア門 Proteobacteria
|
|
|
大腸菌
|
Cystobacter fuscus (β-GalCer)
|
br-h17:0, br-d19:2
|
DOI
|
|
|
|
Sphingomonas paucimobilis (GlcAα-Cer)
|
h14:0,d18:0
|
PubMed
|
|
Sorangium cellulosum
|
h16:1, br-h17:1, h18:1, br-d21:3, br-d21:2
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
Bacteriovorax stolpii
|
br-h15:0, br-15:0, br-t17:0, br-d17:0
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
真核生物 Eukaryota
|
原生生物界 Protista
|
メタモナーダ門 Metamonada
|
|
|
鞭毛虫
|
|
|
|
|
Giardia lamblia
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
Trichomonas vaginalis
|
16:0,d18:1
|
PubMed
|
Giardia lamblia
|
16:0,d18:1
|
DOI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ユーグレノゾア門 Euglenozoa
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leishmania amazonensis
Plasmodium falciparum
|
undescribed
h10:0,h120, d18:0,d20:0
|
PubMed
PubMed
|
Leishmania amazonensis (Galβ1-3Galα1 -4Galβ1 -4Glcβ1-Cer)
Plasmodium falciparum (trihexosyl- ceramide)
Trypanosoma brucei (GM3,GM1, GD1a,GD1b)
|
undescribed
h12:0,h14:0, d18:0,d20:0
undescribed
|
PubMed
PubMed
PubMed
|
Globo, a-series, b-series
|
Leishmania major
|
18:0,d16:1
|
PubMed
|
Plasmodium falciparum
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trypanosoma brucei (Ins-P-Cer)
|
16:0,17:0, 18:0 d16:0, d17:0,d18:1, d18:0,d19:0, d20:0,d20:1
|
PubMed (*Procyclic formのみ)
|
繊毛虫門 Ciliophora
|
|
|
繊毛虫
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Entodinium caudatum
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
Tetrahymena pyriformis /WH-14
|
16:0, br-17:0, br-18:0, br-h17:0, h18:0, br-d17:1, br-d18:1
|
PubMed
|
Tetrahymena pyriformis /WH-14
|
16:0, br-18:0, br-h17:0, d18:1
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
植物界 Plantae
|
緑藻植物門 Chlorophyta
|
|
|
クロレラ
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudococcomyxa chodatii
|
h16:0,h18:0,h20:0, h22:0,h24:0 d18:2,t18:0,t18:1
|
DOI
|
Chlorella kessleri (Galα1-4Galβ1 -4Glcβ1-Cer)
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
Globo
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chlorella variabilis (Hex(2)-Ins -P-Cer)
|
h24:1, t18:0
|
Nebraska Univ.,2015 (*学位論文。 ESI-MS分析, 糖の種類は Hexとしか 判別できない)
|
ストレプト植物門 Streptophyta (*被子植物門を除く) (except Angiosperm)
|
|
|
緑色植物
|
|
|
|
Ginkgo biloba
Stenochlaena palustris
|
h16:0,d18:2
h24:0,d18:2
|
DOI
DOI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pteridum aquilinum (HexNAc-HexA -(Hex-)Ins -P-Cer)
|
h24:0,t18:0
|
PubMed (*MALDI-MS分析, 糖の種類は Hexとしか 判別できない)
|
被子植物門 Angiosperm
|
|
|
シロイヌナズナ
|
|
|
|
Arabidopsis thaliana
|
16:0,h24:1, d18:1,t18:1
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prunus armeniaca /kernel
|
undescribed
|
J.Chromatogra., 294,519-524, 1984
|
|
|
|
Arabidopsis thaliana /leaves (Glc-GlcA -Ins-P-Cer)
|
h24:0,t18:1
|
PubMed
|
菌界 Fungi
|
接合菌門 Zygomycota
|
|
|
ケカビ、クモノスカビ
|
|
|
|
|
Mucor hiemalis
|
h14:0,h16:0, br-d19:2,d20:1
|
PubMed
|
Mucor hiemalis (Galβ1-6Galβ1 -Cer)
|
h24:0,h25:0, h26:0,t18:0
|
PubMed
|
Gala
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PubMed (*接合菌門に はGIPC は含まれ ない。)
|
子嚢菌門 Ascomycota
|
|
|
酵母、コウジカビ
|
Aspergillus oryzae
|
h18:0,br-d19:2
|
PubMed
|
Aspergillus oryzae
|
h18:0,br-d19:2
|
PubMed
|
Neurospora crassa (Glcα1-2Galβ1- 6Galβ1-6Galβ1-Cer)
|
h24:0,t18:0
|
PubMed
|
Gala
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aspergillus nidulans (Manα1-3Manα -2Ins-P-Cer)
|
h24:0,t18:0
|
PubMed
|
担子菌門 Basidiomycota
|
|
|
キノコ
|
|
|
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
|
h18:0,br-d19:2
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cryptococcus neoformans (Ins-P-6Manα1 -2Ins-P-Cer)
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
動物界 Animalia
|
海綿動物門 Porifera
|
|
|
カイメン
|
|
Agelas mauritianus (α-GalCer)
Chondropsis sp. (β-GalCer)
|
h24:0,br-t18:0
h24:0,br-d18:1
|
DOI
DOI
|
Haliclona sp.
|
h22:0,t18:1
|
DOI
|
Amphimedon viridis (GlcNAcα1-Cer, GlcNAcβ1-Cer)
|
h22:0,br-t20:1, h22:0,br-t20:1, br-t19:0
|
DOI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Svenzea zeai (Arapβ1 -6Ins-P-Cer)
|
16:0, br-16:0, br-17:0, d26:1,d26:0
|
PubMed
|
刺胞動物門 Cnidaria
|
|
|
クラゲ
|
|
|
|
|
Metridium senile
Sarcophyton ehrenbergi (α-GlcCer)
|
h16:0,h20:0, br-d19:2
h18:0,br-d19:3
|
PubMed
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PubMed (*刺胞動物門はCPEをもたない。)
|
|
|
PubMed (*刺胞動物門はSMをもたない。)
|
Aurelia aurita
|
14:0,16:0, d18:1,t18:0
|
PubMed
|
Aurelia aurita
|
14:0,16:0, d18:1,t18:0
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
(旧口動物、冠輪) (Protostomia, Lophotrochozoa)
|
扁形動物門 Platyhelminthes
|
吸虫綱 Trematoda
|
|
ジストマ
|
|
Fasciola hepatica
|
18:0,h18:0, t18:0,t20:0
|
PubMed
|
Fasciola hepatica
Schistosoma mansoni
|
18:0,h18:0, t18:0,t20:0
h16:0,t18:0, t20:0
|
PubMed
PubMed
|
Fasciola hepatica (Galα1-4Galβ1 -4-Glcβ1-Cer)
Schistosoma mansoni (GalNAcβ1 -4Glcβ1-Cer)
Schistosoma mansoni (GM1,GD1a, GD1b,GT1b)
|
undescribed
h16:0,26:0
undescribed
|
PubMed
PubMed
DOI
|
Globo, Schisto, Ganglio, a-series
|
|
|
|
Paramphistomum cervi
|
16:0,18:1
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
渦虫綱 Tubellaria
|
|
プラナリア
|
|
|
|
Dugesia dorotocephala
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
条虫綱 Cestoda
|
|
サナダムシ
|
Diphyllobothrium hottai
|
16:0,18:0,26:0, 28:0,d18:0, d20:0,t18:0, t20:0
|
PubMed
|
Diphyllobothrium hottai
|
16:0,18:0, 26:0,28:0, d18:0,d20:0, t18:0,t20:0
|
PubMed
|
Diphyllobothrium hottai (Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)Glcβ1-3Galβ1-Cer)
Spirometra erinacei (Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)Glcβ1-3Galβ1-Cer)
Echinococcus multilocularis (GM1,GM3, GD1a,GM2)
|
16:0,18:0, 26:0,28:0, d18:0,d20:0, t18:0
18:0,18:1, d18:0,t18:0
16:0,24:0, 24:1,d18:1
|
PubMed
PubMed
PubMed
|
Spirometo, a-series
|
|
|
|
Hymenolepis diminuta
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
外肛動物門 Bryozoa
|
|
|
コケムシ
|
|
|
|
|
Pectinatella magnifica
|
undescribed
|
DOI
|
Pectinatella magnifica (GlcNAcβ1 -4Glcβ1-Cer)
|
undescribed
|
DOI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
腕足動物門 Brachiopoda
|
|
|
シャミセンガイ
|
|
|
|
|
Lingula unguis
|
h16:0,h17:0, h18:0,d18:1, d18:3
|
DOI
|
Lingula unguis (Manα1-3Manβ1 -4Glcβ1-Cer)
|
16:0,18:0, d18:3
|
DOI
|
Mollu
|
Lingula unguis
|
16:0,18:0, h16:0,h18:0, d18:1,d18:3
|
滋賀大学教育学部紀要,自然科学・教育科学,45,31-42,1995
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
環形動物門 Annelida
|
貧毛綱 Oligochaeta
|
|
ミミズ
|
|
Pheretima aspergillum
|
22:0,24:0, h22:0,h23:0, h24:0,br-d18:1, d18:1,t18:0
|
DOI
|
Pheretima aspergillum
|
22:0,24:0, br-d18:1, d18:1, br-d19:1
|
DOI
|
Pheretima aspergillum (Galβ1-6Galβ1-Cer)
Pheretima hilgendorfi (PC-6Galβ1 -6Galβ1-Cer)
|
22:0,24:0, h24:0, br-d18:1, d18:1,t18:0
22:0,24:0, br-d18:1, br-d19:1
|
DOI
PubMed
|
Neogala
|
|
|
|
|
|
(*環形動物門では SMは見つからない。) PubMed (*SM-Binding Protein, Lyseninはミミズから抽出。)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ヒル綱 Hirudinea
|
|
ヒル
|
Hirudo nipponica (β-GalCer)
|
16:0,22:0, 24:0,d18:1, br-d19:1, d22:3
|
DOI
|
|
|
|
Hirudo nipponica (Galα1-6Galβ1-Cer, PC-6Galβ1 -6Galβ1-Cer)
|
16:0,22:0, 24:0,d18:1, br-d19:1, 16:0,22:0, 24:0,t18:0, br-t19:0, d22:3
|
DOI
|
Isoneogala
|
|
|
|
|
|
(*環形動物門ではSMは見つからない。)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
多毛綱 Polychaeta
|
サシバゴカイ目 Phyllodocida
|
イトメ
|
Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus
|
16:0,17:0, 18:0,h16:0, h17:0 d18:1, d18:2
|
DOI
|
Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus
|
16:0,17:0, 18:0,h16:0, h17:0
|
DOI
|
Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus (PC-6Galβ1-Cer)
|
16:0,d18:1, d18:2
|
DOI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(*環形動物門ではSMは見つからない。)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus (InsMe-P-Cer)
|
h16:0,h18:0, t18:0
|
DOI
|
ケヤリ目 Sabellida
|
エラコ
|
Pseudopotamilla occelata
|
16:0,18:0, h16:0,h18:0, d18:1
|
DOI
|
Pseudopotamilla occelata
|
16:0,18:0, h16:0,h18:0, d18:1
|
DOI
|
Pseudopotamilla occelata (Galα1-4Galβ1-Cer, Galβ1-4Glcβ1-Cer)
|
16:0,18:0, d18:1, 20:1,22:1, d18:1
|
DOI
|
Gala
|
|
|
|
|
|
(*環形動物門ではSMは見つからない。)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pseudopotamilla occelata (Ins-P-Cer)
|
undescribed
|
DOI
|
軟体動物門 Mollusca
|
二枚貝綱 Bivalvia
|
|
二枚貝
|
|
Hyriopsis schlegelii /egg
|
14:0,16:0, h16:0,d18:1, br-d19:1
|
PubMed
|
Hyriopsis schlegelii /egg
|
14:0,16:0, h16:0,d18:1, br-d19:1
|
PubMed
|
Hyriopsis schlegelii /sperm (Manα1-3Manβ1 -4Glcβ1-Cer)
|
16:0,18:0, 20:0,d18:1, br-d18:1
|
PubMed PubMed
|
Mollu
|
Pinctada martensii
|
h16:0,h18:0, d18:1,d18:0
|
PubMed
|
Pinctada martensii
|
16:0,17:0, 18:0,d16:1, d18:1,d18:2
|
滋賀大学教育学部紀要,自然科学,54,41-48,2004
|
Hyriopsis schlegelii /egg
|
15:0,16:0, d18:1
|
DOI
|
Mytilus galloprovincialis
|
16:0,h16:0, d18:1,t18:0
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
腹足綱 Gastropoda
|
|
巻貝
|
Chlorostoma argyrostoma turbinatum
|
16:0,h16:0, h18:0,d18:1, d18:2
|
PubMed
|
Euhadra hickonis
|
16:0,h16:0, br-d19:1, d18:1
|
DOI
|
Chlorostoma argyrostoma turbinatum (Galβ1-6Galβ1-Cer)
|
16:0,17:0, h16:0,h18:0, d18:1, br-d18:1, d18:2,d19:1
|
PubMed
|
Neogala
|
Heterogen longispira
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
Sinotaia historica
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
Monodonta labio
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
Monodonta labio
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
頭足綱 Cephalopoda
|
|
イカ、タコ
|
Ommastrephes sloani pacificus /sperm
|
16:0,18:0, 22:0,22:1, d16:1
|
滋賀大学教育学部紀要,自然科学・教育科学,44,17-23,1994
|
Ommastrephes sloani pacificus /sperm
|
16:0,18:0, 22:0,22:1, d16:1
|
滋賀大学教育学部紀要,自然科学・教育科学,44,17-23,1994
|
Ommastrephes sloani pacificus /sperm (Manβ1-4Manβ1 -4Glcβ1-Cer)
Todarodes pacificus (GT3,GQ1c)
|
16:0,18:1, 22:1,24:1, d16:1
undescribed
|
滋賀大学教育学部紀要,自然科学・教育科学,44,17-23,1994
PubMed
|
c-series
|
|
|
|
Todarodes pacificu /viscera
|
16:0,18:0, 24:1,d16:1
|
滋賀大学教育学部紀要,自然科学,59,29-37,2009
|
Todarodes pacificus /viscera
|
16:0,22:1, 24:1,d16:1
|
滋賀大学教育学部紀要,自然科学,59,29-37,2009
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(旧口動物、脱皮) (Protostomia, Ecdysozoa)
|
線形動物門 Nematoda
|
クロマドラ綱 Chromadorea
|
|
回虫
|
|
|
|
|
Ascaris suum /adult
Ascaris suum
|
h24:0,br-d17:1, br-d17:0, br-t17:0,t18:0
|
PubMed
DOI
|
Ascaris suum (HSO3-3Galβ1-Cer)
Ascaris suum /adult (GlcNAcβ1-3Manβ1 -4Glcβ1-Cer)
Ascaris suum (PC-6GlcNAcβ1-3Manβ1-4Glcβ1-Cer)
|
24:0,h24:0,br-d17:1, br-d17:0, br-t18:0
h24:0,br-d17:1, br-d17:0
h22:0,h24:0, br-d17:1, br-d17:0
|
PubMed
PubMed
DOI
|
Arthro
|
|
|
|
Ascaris suum
|
24:0,h24:0, br-d17:1, br-d17:0, br-t17:0
|
DOI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ascaris suum (Galα1- 2Ins-P-Cer)
|
24:0,h24:0, br-d17:0, d18:0
|
PubMed
|
節足動物門 Arthropoda
|
昆虫綱 Insecta
|
|
ハエ
|
|
|
|
|
Lucilia caesar /larvae
|
16:0,18:0, 20:0,22:0, d14:1,d16:1
|
PubMed
|
Lucilia caesar /larvae (GlcNAcβ1-3Manβ1 -4Glcβ1-Cer)
|
16:0,18:0, 20:0,22:0, d14:1,d16:1
|
PubMed
|
Arthro
|
Lucilia caesar /pupae
|
20:0,22:0
|
PubMed (*昆虫綱ではショウジョウバエなど少数の種のみCPEを多くもつ。)
|
Aedes aegypti /cells
|
18:0,20:0, 22:0
|
PubMed (*昆虫綱では多くの種がSMをもつ。)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
甲殻亜門 軟甲綱 Crustacea Malacostraca
|
|
エビ、カニ
|
|
|
|
Penaeus duorarum /ventral nerve
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
Euphausia superba (GlcNAcβ1-3Manβ1 -4Glcβ1-Cer)
Euphausia superba (MAEPn-6Glcβ1-Cer)
|
22:1,24:1, d14:1
22:1,h22:1, h24:1,d14:1, br-d18:3, d18:3
|
DOI
PubMed
|
Arthro
|
|
|
|
Erimacrus isenbeckii
|
18:0,20:0, 22:0,22:1, d14:1,d14:0
|
滋賀大学教育学部紀要,自然科学,52,9-16,2002
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
甲殻亜門 鰓脚綱 Crustacea Branchiopoda
|
|
カブトエビ、ミジンコ
|
|
|
|
Artemia franciscana
|
18:0,22:0, h18:0,d16:1, d17:1
|
PubMed
|
Artemia franciscana (GlcNAcβ1-3Manβ1 -4Glcβ1-Cer)
|
22:0,d16:1, d17:1
|
PubMed
|
Arthro
|
|
|
|
Artemia franciscana
|
18:0,22:0, d16:1,d17:1
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
多足亜門 ヤスデ綱 Myriapoda Diplopoda
|
|
ヤスデ
|
|
|
|
Parafontaria laminata
|
h(2- or 3-hydroxy)23:0, h(2- or 3-hydroxy)24:0, d17:1,br-d18:1, d18:1
|
PubMed
|
Parafontaria laminata (GlcNAcβ1-3Manβ1 -4Glcβ1-Cer)
|
22:0,23:0, 24:0,d17:1, br-d18:1
|
PubMed
|
Arthro
|
Parafontaria laminata
|
16:0,17:0, 18:0,22:0, d17:1,d18:1
|
滋賀文化短期大学紀要,3,71-78,1993
|
Spirostreptus asthene s /oocytes
|
undescribed
|
DOI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(新口動物) (Deuterostomia)
|
棘皮動物門 Echinodermata
|
ウミユリ綱 Crinoidea
|
|
ウミユリ
|
|
|
|
|
Comanthus japonica
|
24:0,h18:0, h22:1,h24:0, d16:1,d18:2, t16:0
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comanthus japonica (Ins-P-Cer)
|
22:0,24:0, d16:1
|
DOI DOI (*9-O-MeNeuGc が結合したGIPC がある。) DOI (*9-O-MeNeuAc が結合したGIPC がある。)
|
ヒトデ綱 Asteroidea
|
|
ヒトデ
|
Culcita novaeguineae
|
h22:0,br-t16:0
|
PubMed
|
Asterias rubens
|
d18:2,d22:1, d22:2
|
PubMed
|
Luidia maculata (Galβ1-4Glcβ1-Cer)
Luidia maculata ((3-sulfo)Galβ1 -4Galβ1 -4Glcβ1-Cer)
Luidia maculata (GM3)
Luidia maculata (GD3)
|
h16:0,h22:0, h24:0, br-d19:1, t16:0, br-t17:0, t22:1
h22:0, br-t19:0
h22:0,t19:0
h22:0,t17:0
|
DOI
DOI
DOI
PubMed
|
a-series, b-series
|
|
|
|
Distolasterias nipon
|
undescribed
|
DOI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
クモヒトデ綱 Ophiuroidea
|
|
クモヒトデ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ophiocoma scolopendrina (NeuGcα2 -6Glcβ1-Cer, GM5, HSO3-8NeuAcα2 -6Glcβ1-Cer)
|
18:0,t18:0, br-t18:0, h22:0,t18:0, br-t18:0
|
PubMed
|
Echino
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ウニ綱 Echinoidea
|
|
ウニ
|
|
|
|
Anthocidaris crassispina /egg
|
22:1,24:1, h22:1,h24:1, t18:0
|
PubMed
|
Anthocidaris crassispina /egg (Galα1-6Glcβ1Cer)
Anthocidaris crassispina /egg (NeuGcα2 -6Glcβ1-Cer, GM5, HSO3-8NeuGcα2 -6Glcβ1-Cer)
|
22:1,24:1, h22:1,h24:1, t18:0
h22:1,h23:1, h24:1,t18:0
|
PubMed
PubMed
|
Echino
|
|
|
|
Strongylocentrotus intermedius
|
undescribed
|
DOI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ナマコ綱 Holothuroidea
|
|
ナマコ
|
Bohadschia argus
|
h24:1,d17:1, br-d17:1
|
PubMed
|
Cucumaria echinata
|
h22:0,h23:0, h24:0, br-d17:1
|
DOI
|
Holothuria leucospilota (NeuGcα2 -6Glcβ1-Cer, GM5)
|
h22:0,h23:0, h24:0,h24:1, br-t17:0,br-t18:0, br-t19:0
|
DOI
|
Echino
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
脊索動物門 Chordata
|
ホヤ綱 Ascidiacea
|
|
ホヤ
|
|
|
|
|
Aplidium nordmani, Styela partita, Botryllus leachii
|
h24:0,t18:0, br-t19:0
|
DOI
|
Microcosmus sulcatus (Galβ1-4(Fucα1 -3)Glcβ1-Cer)
|
h22:0,h23:0, t19:0
|
DOI
|
|
|
|
|
Ciona intestinalis
|
16:0,18:0, 18:1,d16:1, d18:2
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
軟骨魚綱 Chondrichthyes
|
|
エイ
|
|
Carcharhinus plumbeus /brain (Gal-Cer,SO3-3Galβ1-Cer)
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
Squalus acanthias /rectal gland
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
Bathyraja smirnovi (GM2,GD2)
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
a-series, b-series
|
|
|
|
Torpedo marmorata /electric organ
|
16:0,24:1, d18:1
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
条鰭綱 Actinopterygii
|
|
硬骨魚
|
|
Cyprinus carpio /brain (Gal-Cer,SO3-3Galβ1-Cer)
|
24:1,h24:0
|
PubMed
|
Theragra chalcogramm /brain
|
24:1
|
PubMed
|
Latimeria chalumnae (GM3,GD3)
Theragra chalcogramma (9-O-Ac-GT3)
|
16:0,18:0, 24:1,d18:1 undescribed
|
DOI
PubMed
|
a-series, b-series, c-series
|
|
|
|
Latimeria chalumnae /brain
|
undescribed
|
DOI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
両生綱 Amphibia
|
|
カエル
|
|
Rana catesbeiana /brain (Gal-Cer,SO3-3Galβ1-Cer)
|
18:0,24:1, h24:1,d18:0, d18:1
|
PubMed
|
Bufo japonicus /skin
|
22:0,24:0, h22:0,h24:0, t18:0
|
PubMed
|
Rana pipiens (GD1b,GT1b)
|
undescribed
|
DOI
|
b-series
|
|
|
|
Rana pipiens /spinal cord
|
undescribed
|
J.Exp.Biol. 29, 203-210, 1952
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
爬虫綱 Reptilias
|
|
ワニ
|
|
Iguana spp. /brain (Gal-Cer,SO3-3Galβ1-Cer)
|
nonhydroxy FA,hydoroxy FA
|
PubMed
|
Anolis carolinensis /kidney
|
h23:0,h24:0, h24:1,d18:1
|
PubMed
|
Pseudemys scripta elegans /brain (GM1,GD1a,GD1b, GT1b,GQ1b)
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
a-series, b-series
|
|
|
|
Tropidurus torquatus
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
鳥綱 Aves
|
|
トリ
|
|
Gallus gallus domesticus /sciatic nerve (Gal-Cer,SO3-3Galβ1-Cer)
|
22:0,24:0, h22:0,h24:0
|
PubMed
|
Gallus gallus domesticus /lens
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
Anser anser /brain (GM1,GD1a,GD1b, GT1b,GQ1b)
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
a-series, b-series
|
|
|
|
Colurnba livia domestica /liver
|
16:0,18:0, 20:4
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
哺乳綱 Mammalia
|
無盲腸目 Eulipotyphla
|
モグラ
|
|
Suncus murinus /brain (Gal-Cer,SO3-3Galβ1-Cer)
|
24:0,h24:0, d18:1
|
PubMed
|
Suncus murinus /brain
|
24:0,h24:0, d18:1
|
PubMed
|
Suncus murinus /brain (GalNAcβ1-4Galβ1 -4Glcβ1-Cer, GM1,GD1a,GD1b, GT1b)
|
24:0,d18:1
|
PubMed
|
Ganglio, a-series, b-series
|
|
|
|
Suncus murinus /liver
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
食肉目 Carnivora
|
ネコ、イヌ
|
Felis silvestris catus /brain (Gal-Cer,SO3-3Galβ1-Cer)
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
Canis lupus familiaris /intestine
|
20:0,22:0, 24:0,hFA
|
PubMed
|
Felis silvestris catus /brain (GM1,GD1a,GD1b, GT1b,GQ1b)
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
a-series, b-series
|
|
|
|
Canis lupus familiaris /brain
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
奇蹄目 Perissodactyla
|
ウマ
|
Equus caballus /brain (Gal-Cer,SO3-3Galβ1-Cer)
|
22:0,24:0, 24:1,h22:0, h24:0,h24:1, d18:1
|
PubMed
|
Equus caballus /spleen
|
16:0,22:0, 24:0
|
PubMed
|
Equus caballus /brain (GM4,GM3,GM2, GM1,GD1a,GD1b, GT1b)
|
18:0,20:0, 24:0,h24:0, h24:1,d18:1, d20:1
|
PubMed
|
a-series, b-series
|
|
|
|
Equus caballus /spinal cord
|
16:0,18:0, 22:0,24:1
|
DOI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
鯨偶蹄目 Cetartiodactyla
|
ウシ、ブタ
|
Bos taurus /brain (Gal-Cer,SO3-3Galβ1-Cer)
|
18:0,24:0, 24:1,h18:0, h24:0,h24:1, d18:1
|
PubMed
|
Bos taurus /spleen
|
22:0,23:0, 24:0
|
PubMed
|
Bos taurus /brain (GM2,GM1,GD3, GD1a,GD1b)
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
a-series, b-series
|
|
|
|
Bos taurus /brain
|
18:0,24:0,24:1, d18:1
|
PubMed
|
Ovis aries /brain, Capra linnaeus /brain
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
兎目 Lagomorpha
|
ウサギ
|
Oryctolagus cuniculus /brain (Gal-Cer,SO3-3Galβ1-Cer)
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
Oryctolagus cuniculus /skin fibroblasts
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
Oryctolagus cuniculus /brain (GM1,GD1a,GD1b, GT1)
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
a-series, b-series
|
|
|
|
Oryctolagus cuniculus /brain
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
齧歯目 Rodentia
|
ラット、マウス
|
Rattus norvegicus /brain (Gal-Cer,SO3-3Galβ1-Cer)
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
Mus musculus /erythrocytes
|
16:0,18:1, 22:0,24:1, d18:1
|
PubMed
|
Rattus norvegicus /brain (GM1,GD1a,GD1b, GT)
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
a-series, b-series
|
|
|
|
Rattus norvegicus /brain
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
霊長目 Primates
|
ヒト
|
|
Homo sapiens /brain (Gal-Cer,SO3-3Galβ1-Cer)
|
18:0,24:1, 24:0,25:1, 25:0,26:1, h16:0,h22:0, h23:0,h24:1, h24:0
|
PubMed
|
Homo sapiens /spleen of Gaucher's disease
Homo sapiens /blood
|
22:0,d18:1
undescribed
|
PubMed
PubMed
|
Homo sapiens /brain (GM1,GD1a,GD1b, GT1b)
|
undescribed
|
PubMed
|
a-series, b-series
|
|
|
|
Homo sapiens /brain
|
18:0,24:1
|
PubMed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Biosynthesis
In Mammalia, GlcCer is synthesized by ceramide glucosyltransferase (CGlcT) at the cytosolic membrane of the Golgi apparatus, and GalCer is synthesized by ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGalT) at the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These enzymes do not share any sequence similarity and CGlcT possesses its transmembrane region at the N-terminal (type III) whereas CGalT possesses it at the C-terminal (type I).[1]
|
哺乳動物では、ゴルジ装置の細胞質側に局在するグルコシルセラミド合成酵素(CGlcT)によって GlcCer が、小胞体の内腔側に局在するガラクトシルセラミド合成酵素(CGalT)によって GalCer が作られます。これらの酵素は配列相同性が無く、CGlcT は膜貫通領域が N 末端側(III型酵素)、CGalT は C 末端側(I型酵素)です。
|
|
GlcCer |
GalCer
|
Enzyme
|
CGlcT (EC 2.4.1.80)
|
CGalT (EC 2.4.1.45)
|
Reaction
|
Ceramide + UDP-glucose → GlcCer + UDP
|
Ceramide + UDP-galactose → GalCer + UDP
|
Location
|
Golgi (outside) → flipflop → Golgi (inside)
|
ER lumen
|
Since all glycolipid synthesizing enzymes (except for CGlcT and CGalT) reside at the lumen of the Golgi apparatus, GlcCer must be flip-flopped from the cytosolic side to the lumen by an eyzyme called flippase.
To synthesize GalCer, UDP-galactose and ceramide must transport the ER membrane. UDP-galactose transporter 2 (UGT2) is considered to be responsible.
GalT can also work on glycerolipid, and synthsizes sulfated glyceroglycolipid in mammalian testis, called seminolipid.
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CGlcT, CGalT 以外の糖脂質合成酵素はゴルジ装置の内腔側にあり、GlcCer はゴルジ膜の細胞質側から内腔側にフリッパーゼと呼ばれる酵素で移動(フリップフロップ)します。GalCer の場合は、UDPガラクトースとセラミドが小胞体膜を通過します。UDPガラクトーストランスポータ2 (UGT2) が関与するようです。
CGalTはグリセロ脂質にも作用し、精巣の硫酸化グリセロ糖脂質であるセミノリピドも合成します。
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- ↑ Sprong H, Degroote S, Nilsson T, Kawakita M, Ishida N, van der Sluijs P, van Meer G "Association of the Golgi UDP-galactose transporter with UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase allows UDP-galactose import in the endoplasmic reticulum" Mol Biol Cell. 2003;4:3482-93 PMID 12925779
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