Category:LBSG

Acidic Glycosphingolipid


Upper classes: LB LBS


Ganglioside ガングリオシド

Ganglioside is a glycosphingolipid with one or more sialic acid. It was named by Klenk E. in 1942 as the major sphingolipid in ganglion, a nerve cell cluster.[1] In vertebrate, close to 190 gangliosides have been identified.[2] They reside on lipid rafts of cell membranes, and involve in many cellular functions. Major structures with sialic acids include ganglio, lacto, and neolacto series.

酸性糖であるシアル酸を含む糖脂質をガングリオシドと呼びます。神経細胞の集まりである神経核 (ganglion) に多いことから Klenk E.により1942年に命名されました。 脊椎動物では現在およそ190種のガングリオシドが見出されています。ガングリオシドは細胞膜の脂質ラフトに存在し、多くの生理機能に関わっています。シアル酸の結合する主要系列はガングリオ、ラクト、ネオラクト等です。

  1. ↑ Sweeley CC, Siddiqui B. "Chemistry of Mammalian Glycolipids" Chapter 6 in The Glycoconjugates Volume I: Mammalian Glycoproteins and Glycolipids (Ed. Horowitz MI, Pigman W) 1977 Elsevier Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-356101-5
  2. ↑ Yu RK, Tsai YT, Ariga T, Yanagisawa M. (2011) Structures, biosynthesis, and functions of gangliosides--an overview" J Oleo Sci. 60(10):537-44. PMID 21937853

Svennerholm Notation スヴェンネルホルム表記

The often-used notation for ganglioside was proposed by the Swedish scientist, Lars Svennerholm. Each alpha-numeric digit stands for the number of sialic acids or sugars.

ガングリオシドの略称には、スウェーデンの科学者 Lars Svennerholm が導入した記法がよく使われます。各桁の数字やアルファベットはシアル酸の数や糖の数を意味します。

Abbreviation GM GD GT GQ GP
Number of Sialic Acid 1 2 3 4 5
Suffix Number 1 2 3 4
Core Gg4Cer Gg3Cer LacCer GalCer
Suffix Alphabet (only for Gg4Cer core) a b c
Number of Sialic Acid Attached to IIGal 1 2 3
Examples
GQ1b ... 4 sialic acids (GQ), 4 sugars (GQ1), 2 sialic acids attached to the 2nd galactose (GQ1b)
GM2 ... 1 sialic acids (GM), 3 sugars (GM2).


Ganglioside.png


Sulfatide スルファチド

More than ten compounds of sulfoglycolipids (glycosphingolipid sulfate, sulfatide, SM4) are identified by differences in sulfonated sugar chains. Among them 3-O-Sulfated galactosylceramide(GalCer) is called galactosylsulfatide, and is present in myelin sheath like GalCer. [1] The existence of glucosylsufatide, 3-O-sulfated glucosylceramide was reported in rat kidney.[2]

Sulfatides are present in various organs, such as nervous system, kidney, respiratory organ and digestive tract. The physiological functions of sulfatides are related to myelinogenesis, diabetes, immune system, thrombosis, bacterial and virus infection. [3]

Lysosomal storage disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, is a congenital metabolic disorder, and is caused by deficiency of lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A or its activator.[4]

硫酸化糖脂質には硫酸化される糖鎖の違いにより十数種類が同定されています。その中でもガラクトシルセラミド(GalCer)のガラクトース3位の水酸基に硫酸基を導入したものをガラクトシルスルファチドと呼び、GalCerと同様にミエリンに多く存在します。ラット腎臓にはグルコシルセラミドに硫酸基が結合したグルコシルスルファチドも報告があります。

スルファチドは神経系、腎臓、呼吸器、消化器などさまざまな組織に存在する糖脂質で、ミエリン形成に関わるほか、糖尿病、免疫系、血栓形成、細菌感染、ウィルス感染など生理作用は多岐にわたります。


リソソーム病である異染性白質ジストロフィー(metachromatic leukodystrophy)という先天性代謝異常症は、スルファチド分解酵素(ASA)あるいは活性化因子の欠損か低下により起こります。


Metabolic pathway[5]

Biosynthesis
Cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST) + 3’-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphosulfate(PAPS)
Galactosylceramide → galactosylsulfatide
Degradation
Arylsulfatase A (ASA) + Saposin B (activator)
Galctoslsulfatide → Galactosylceramide


  1. ↑ Ishizuka, I. “Chemistry and functional distribution of sulfoglycolipids” Prog. Lipid Res.1997; 36:245-319 PMID 9640458
  2. ↑ Iida N, Toida T, Kushi Y, Handa S, Fredman P, Svennerholm L, Ishizuka I. A sulfated glucosylceramide from rat kidney. J Biol Chem. 1989 5;264:5974-80.PMID 2925645
  3. ↑ Takahashi T, Suzuki T. “Role of sulfatide in normal and pathological cells and tissues” J Lipid Res. 2012; 53: 1437–1450, PMID 22619219 Takahashi T, Suzuki T. “Role of sulfatide in influenza A virus replication” Biol Pharm Bull. 2015; 38:809-16.PMID 26027821
  4. ↑ Mirzaian M, Kramer G, Poorthuis BJ. “Quantification of sulfatides and lysosulfatides in tissues and body fluids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry”J Lipid Res. 2015; 56:936-43. PMID 25632048
  5. ↑ Honke K. Biosynthesis and biological function of sulfoglycolipids. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2013 89:129-38. PMID 23574804

Acidic Modifiers 酸性基

Sialic acid シアル酸

Sialic acid is a collective noun and comprises a family of derivatives of neuraminic acid (5-amino- 3,5-dideoxy- D-glycero- D-galacto- nonulosonic acid)[1]. Nowadays, there are over 30 derivatives of neuraminic acid, including the followings.

  • N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NeuAc)
  • N-glycolyl neuraminic acid (NeuGc)
  • deamino neuraminic acid (Kdn: 3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulosonic acid)

NeuGc is different from NecAc only by a single oxygen. After NeuAc is bound to cytidine monophosphate (CMP), CMP-NeuAc is converted by N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) to CMP-NeuGc. This gene is generally conserved among mammals but human, sauropsids (birds and reptiles), and monotreme lack this gene [2][3] (therefore no NeuGc). Kdn is prominent in some fish but not in mammals.

シアル酸は、ノイラミン酸（5-アミノ-3,5-ジデオキシ-D-グリセロ-D-ガラクト-ノヌロン酸）に由来する物質の総称です。 現在、ノイラミン酸には以下を含む30 種以上の誘導体が知られています。

  • N-アセチルノイラミン酸 (NeuAc)
  • N-グリコリルノイラミン酸 (NeuGc)
  • デアミノノイラミン酸 (Kdn)

NeuGcはNeuAcは酸素原子一つしか違いません。シチジンモノホスホ-Neu5Acを基質として、シチジンN-アセチルノイラミン酸ヒドロキシラーゼ（CMAH)によりCMP-NeuGcが生成されます。この遺伝子は哺乳類に保存されていますが、ヒト、鳥類、爬虫類、単孔類は欠損しています（つまりNeuGcを持たない）。Kdnは魚類に知られていますが哺乳類には殆どありません。

N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) N-glycolyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) deamino neuraminic acid (Kdn)
NeuAc.png
Circle10.png
 NeuGc.png
Circle10.png
 Kdn.png
Circle10.png

Derivatives include the followings for the above three types.[4] Such modifications are tissue- and organelle-specific.[5]

  • 8-O-methylation, 9-O-methylation
  • 4-O-sulfation, 8-O-sulfation
  • O-acetylation on the hydroxyl groups at C4, C7, and C9

誘導体には、上記の 3 構造全てにおいて以下が挙げられます。修飾は臓器や細胞小器官特異的におこなわれます。

  • 8-O-メチル化、9-O-メチル化
  • 4-O-硫酸化、8-O-硫酸化
  • C4, C7 または C9 における O-アセチル化

History

  • Gunnar Blix found a novel acidic aminosugars from salivary gland mucin in 1936 and later named it sialic acid (1938)[6]. (Dried salivary mucin contains 2% sialic acid.)
  • Ernst Klenk identified "Substanz X" from the brain (neuro) of Tay-Sach's disease patient (1935) and later identified a polyhydroxyamino carboxylic acid, and called it neuraminic acid (1941).
  • Both substances are found identical, and the correct structure was postulated by Alfred Gottshalk in 1955 [7]
  • In the same period, Tamio Yamakawa and Sakaru Suzuki identified a novel ganglioside from horse erythrocyte stroma and named it hematoside (1951), now called GM3[8].

  • Gunnar Blixが1936年に唾液(sialo)のムチンから新規の酸性アミノ糖を見つけ、後にこれをシアル酸と名づけました(1938)。
  • Ernst Klenkはテイサックス病患者の脳から「物質X」を見つけ (1935)、後に加水分解によって水酸化アミノカルボン酸であるノイラミン酸を抽出しました(1941)。
  • 両者は同一物質であることがわかり、Alfred Gottshalkが1955年に正しい構造を提出しました。
  • Klenkとほぼ同時代に山川民夫と鈴木旺は馬の赤血球からヘキソースアミンを含まないガングリオシドを抽出し、1951年ヘマトシドと名付けました（現在のGM3）。

  1. ↑ Schauer R "Sialic Acids - Chemistry, Metabolism and Function" Springer-Verlag, 1982.ISBN 978-3-7091-8680-0
  2. ↑ Irie A, Koyama S, Kozutsumi Y, et al. "The molecular basis for the absence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid in humans" J Biol Chem 273:15866–15871, 1998 PMID 9624188
  3. ↑ Schauer R, Srinivasan GV, Coddeville B, et al. "Low incidence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid in birds and reptiles and its absence in the platypus" Carbohydr Res 344:1494–1500, 2009 PMID 19541293
  4. ↑ Angata T, Varki A "Chemical diversity in the sialic acids and related alpha-keto acids: an evolutionary perspective" Chem Rev 102(2):439-469, 2002 PMID 11841250
  5. ↑ Butor C, Diaz S, Varki A "High level O-acetylation of sialic acids on N-linked oligosaccharides of rat liver membranes. Differential subcellular distribution of 7- and 9-O-acetyl groups and of enzymes involved in their regulation" J Biol Chem 268(14):10197-10206, 1993 PMID 8486687
  6. ↑ Lundblad A "Gunnar Blix and his discovery of sialic acids. Fascinating molecules in glycobiology" Ups J Med Sci. 2015; 120:104–112 PMID 25921326
  7. ↑ Gottschalk A. "Structural Relationship between Sialic Acid, Neuraminic Acid and 2-Carboxy-Pyrrole" Nature 1955; 176, 881 - 882 doi:10.1038/176881a0
  8. ↑ Kanfer JN and Hakomori S "Sphingolipid biochemistry (Handbook of Lipid Research 3)" Chapter 1, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012 ISBN 978-1475703986

ウロン酸

under construction

リン酸

under construction

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